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Cosmic Ray Experiments in the Era of LHC at High Altitudes. Zhen Cao Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China LHEP2013,Sanya,China, Jan.2013. E-scale. Composition.
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Cosmic Ray Experiments in the Era of LHCatHigh Altitudes Zhen Cao Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China LHEP2013,Sanya,China, Jan.2013
E-scale Composition Where are the knee, the second, the ankle ? E-scaleWhat happen around them? CompositionWhy do they happen? Acceleration/propagation effect Acceleration/propagation effect Anisotropy Well measured spectra for each specie w/ calorimeter & charge sensitive D EAS techniques
Fluorescence light Detection Zhen Cao
Entangled problems • Big uncertainties in modeling of shower development • Lack of experimental data nailing down parameters in the models • Unknown composition • No way to carry out absolute calibration because test beams are not energetic enough and impossible for ground array
As a consequence, e.g. the composition of CRs • After being discovered 50 years we are still debating about where is the knee,is it sharply or gradually bent • KASCADE had put hadronic calorimeter+AS+MUON together, it turned out more entropy rather than sorting out anything better
Gaurang Yodh: Are all those improvement? Proc. 2004ISVHECRI, Greece
p-p cross section by SPS, Tevatron and LHC will put great constraints on σp-air(E) Phys. Rev. D 80 (2009) 092004 Tevatron LHC
LHC ERA TOTEM Experiment
Inclusive g spectrum at 7 TeV Gray hatch : Systematic Errors Magenta hatch: MC Statistical errors Data MC/Data O. Adriani Latest results from LHCf Cern, July 12, 2012
Inclusive g spectrum at 7 TeV Gray hatch : Systematic Errors Magenta hatch: MC Statistical errors Data None of the Models agrees with the data! These measurement are important to improve the hadronic interaction models in the high energy region MC/Data O. Adriani Latest results from LHCf Cern, July 12, 2012
New Era • Impacts from the new results on colliders • High Precision Era: • Electron spectra • Antimatter spectra • Cosmic ray spectra using calorimeters (E<100TeV) • High statistics Era: • Anisotropy at different scales (E<100TeV and above ) • High altitude multi-parameter measurement complex array in near future • CR composition: • Still challenging but hopeful with LHC • Multi-parameter particle identification technique • Energy scale for ground based experiments
High Precision EraCosmic Ray Spectrum Measurements- calibrated calorimeter at test beams - multi-parameter particle identification technique (ATIC)Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter
Milagro: On different scales, there exist different structures of anisotropy High statistics Era: Anisotropy Tibet YBJ CR Observatory (1992-2010,ASγand ARGO-YBJ) 0.7TeV 1.5TeV 4TeV 4TeV 6TeV 12TeV 50TeV 300TeV
All sky coverage? ARGO-YBJ+IceCube IceTop: there seems to be anisotropy at 2PeV (medium E) at a similar level of 0.2-0.3%
Kascade hadronic calorimeter Composition: multi-parameter measurements
Summary on CRs at the knees:Consistency and great details bridging the space-borne and ground based Anchoring! --T.Gaisser
An array at the highest possible altitude is desirable to determine the chemical composition in the energy range overlapping with balloon experiments (10 TeV – PeV). At present, the planned LHAASO experiment in China seems to come closest to this requirement.
ARGO-YBJ at 4300m a.s.l. serves as the first ring of a chain from the anchor to the surface
Energy scale calibration of ARGO-YBJ N N ≈ 21 · (ETeV/Z)1.5 1 – 30 (TeV/Z) • Two systematic uncertainties may affect the Multiplicity-Energy relation: • the assumed primary CR chemical composition (7%) • the uncertainties of different hadronic models (12%) (LHCf will helpful!) The energy scale error is estimated to be smaller than 13% in the energy range 1 – 30 (TeV/Z). CRIS Workshop 2010 G. Di Sciascio 22
Reconstructed Energy distribution • 100TeV – 800 TeV, with contamination • of heavy component less than 7.2% • Survival probability: • -- Proton 43% • -- Helium 31% 100TeV-10peV
CR play for 100 yrs • Tremendous contributions had been made world wide: Europe, Russia, US, Japan …
Building a new stage of 4300m tall • 1B CNY • New sceneries, new actors and actresses
TUNKA on top of LHAASO-KM2A for high energy extension (>1016eV) IPNO /LALon ASIC electronics for LHAASO ARGO upgrading for low energy extension International Collaboration for LHAASO More ideas, more collaborators Everybody is invited!
Important extension: Morphology survey of sources at high Altitude(idea by the Magic Coll.
Summary • LHC is and will be very helpful • For CR: High precision era • High statistics era • Multi-parameter era • Composition: still challenging but hopeful • Energy scale could be tightened with co-sited measurements with various technologies