Introduction to Plants

1. Chapter 23 Introduction to Plants Section 1: Adaptations of Plants Section 2: Kinds of Plants Section 3: Plants in Our Lives Plant Structure & function

2. The Plant Cell- review • Are plants autotrophic or heterotrophic? • Autotrophic (remember, plants are producers and they make their own food via photosynthesis) • Are plants prokaryotic or eukaryotic? • Eukaryotic (remember, eukaryotes have nuclei just like we do and YOU are EUkaryotes) • Are plants multicellular or unicellular? • Multicellular! • Plant cell walls are made of…. • Cellulose

3. The Plant Cell:Label!

4. Vocabulary: Vascular – refers to an internal system of tubes or vessels to transport materials throughout the plant *basis or first major division of plants into bryophytes (vascular) and tracheophytes (nonvascular); includes: - xylem – transports water and minerals up from the roots to the shoots - phloem – transports sugar (food) down from the leaves to the rest of the plant

5. Xylem brings water up from the roots to the shoots

6. Phloem carries sugar (food) down from leaves throughout the plant

7. Section 1 Adaptations of PlantsEstablishment of Plants on Land • Absorbing Nutrients • To survive on land, plants evolved the ability to absorb mineral nutrients from the soil. • Preventing Water Loss • To survive on land, plants evolved a waxy outer covering called a cuticle, and stomata and guard cells for gas exchange, to prevent their bodies from drying out. • Reproducing on Land • To survive on land, plants use pollen to reproduce without water and transmit male gametes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Devils_Punchbowl_Waterfall%2C_New_Zealand.jpg

8. Section 1 Adaptations of PlantsVascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers • Advantages of Conducting Tissue • Vascular plants have a system of well-developed tissues that transport water within a plant. • Advantages of Seeds • Seeds protect and nourish a plant’s embryo, disperse the offspring, and delay the growth of the embryo until conditions are favorable. • Advantages of Flowers • Flowers make reproduction more efficient by promoting pollination. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Diversity_of_plants_image_version_3.png

9. Section 1 Adaptations of PlantsPlant Life Cycles • The Vascular-Plant Sporophyte • The sporophytes of vascular plants have a vascular system. Their bodies consist of an aboveground shoot and an underground root. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte

10. More Vocabulary Seed- adaptation to terrestrial life composed of a plant embryo, stores food and contains a protective coat Cone- reproductive structure of gymnosperms; contains pollen in males and ovules in females Ovulate cone- from a pinetree (female) Staminate cone- from a pinetree (male) Flower- reproductive structure of angisperms composed of 4 sets of modified leaves Fruit- mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

11. Cotyledons – nonphotosynthetic leaves of an immature plant; provide source of nutrients until plant can produce its own food

12. Kinds of PlantsNonvascular vs. Vascular • Nonvascular plants do not have a system for transporting water and other nutrients within their body • Vascular plants are plants that contain structures with vascular tissue (roots, stems and leaves) • Seedless plants • Seed plants • Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

13. Section 2 Kinds of PlantsNonvascular Plants • Key Features of Nonvascular Plants • Nonvascular plants are small and lack vascular tissue (roots, stems and leaves). • Kinds of Nonvascular Plants. • Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are nonvascular plants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anthoceros_levis.jpg

14. Bryophytes – nonvascular plants 20 mm Liverworts Hornwort Moss

15. Bryophytes – nonvascular plants - economically important Ex) sphagnum moss – also called peat or peat moss Grows in boggy areas called peat bogs; extremely absorbant; used in agriculture/horticulture

16. Section 2 Kinds of PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants • Key Features of Seedless Vascular Plants • Seedless vascular plants produce spores with thickened walls that prevent them from drying out. • Kinds of Seedless Vascular Plants • Ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and whisk ferns are seedless vascular plants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lycopodium_plant.jpg

17. Tracheophytes – vascular plants • Seedless plants –whiskferns, horsetails, and ferns Whisk fern horsetail fern

18. Seedless vascular plants – ferns - reproduce with spores - diagram shows spores growing in clusters called sori on the back of the fern

19. Seedless vascular plants dominated during the Carboniferous period.

20. Section 2 Kinds of PlantsGymnosperms • Key Features of Gymnosperms • Gymnosperms are seed plants that produce cones. • Kinds of Gymnosperms • Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes are gymnosperms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Welwitchia.jpg

21. Tracheophytes – vascular plants • Seed plants • Gymnosperms – have seeds in cones; include: ginkgos, cycads, gnetophytes, and conifers Cycad Ginkgo

22. Welwitschia Gnetum Ephedra Gymnosperms called gnetophytes; only 3 extant species

23. Conifers: top row: Douglas fir, Sequoia, Cypress; bottom row: juniper, Australian pine tree; not shown: yew, spruce, other pines

24. Section 2 Kinds of PlantsAngiosperms • Key Features of Angiosperms • Angiosperms are seed plants that produce flowers and fruits. • Kinds of Angiosperms • The angiosperms are classified as either monocots or dicots. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/WIKI-Grass.jpg

25. Monocots vs. Dicots • Dicots: • Two cotyledon • Veins netlike • Vascular bundles arranged in ring • Taproot usually present • Floral parts in four or five • Ex. Asteraceae (composite), Brassicaceae (mustard), Fabaceae (legume), and Rosaceae (rose), • Monocots: • One cotyledon • Veins parallel • Vascular bundles in complex arrangement • Fibrous root system • Floral parts in multiples of three • Ex. Iridaceae (irises), Liliaceae(lilies) and Poaceae (grass).

26. Subgroups of Angiosperms:Monocots & Dicots

27. Tracheophytes – vascular plants * Seed plants • Angiosperms – flowering plants - have flowers, fruits, and seeds

28. Grasses are flowering plants, too. So are trees. Grass flowers

29. Flower pistil

30. Section 3 Plants in our LivesPlants as Food • Fruits and Vegetables • All types of plant parts—roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds—provide food for humans. • Root Crops • Root crops, such as potatoes, grow underground. • Legumes • Legumes, such as peas, produce protein-rich seeds in long pods.

31. Section 3 Plants in our LivesCereals • Wheat • For more than one-third of the world’s population, wheat is the primary source of food. • Corn • Corn is the most widely cultivated crop in the United States. • Rice • For more than half of the people in the world, rice is the main part of every meal.

32. Fruit or Veggie Humans eat lots of different plant parts. A fruit is the ripened ovary and contains seeds. Therefore, tomatoes, peppers, squash, olives, and cucumbers are fruits, not vegetables.

33. Vegetables – the vegetative parts of the plants that we eat. Includes: • Roots – carrots, turnips,radishes • Stems – celery, bok choi, rhubarb, garlic, broccoli, onions, potatoes • Leaves – lettuce, cabbage, parsley Other plant parts that we eat: Seeds – pinto beans, peas, sunflower seeds, corn, pepper corns, rice, pecans, coconut Flowers – anise flowers (licorice), basil; http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blflowers.htm Good rule of thumb: if you didn’t get it at the store, DON’T EAT IT!

34. Section 3 Plants in our LivesNonfood Uses of Plants • Wood • Wood is a source of wood pulp used for making paper, lumber used for building materials, and fuel. • Medicines • Many important medicines are currently made from plants or were originally derived from plants. • Fibers • Plant fibers are used to make paper, cloth, and rope. The most important sources of plant fibers are wood and cotton. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Taxus_wood.jpg

35. We don’t just eat plants, we also wear them, build with them, and use them for medicines!

37. Plant Structure & Function Chapter 25 Pg. 551 - 564

38. More Review Do you remember the equation for photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight 6O2 + C6H12O6 Do you remember what organelle photosynthesis takes place in? The Chloroplast

39. Plant Structure • Plants are composed of: • Tissue • Roots • Leaves • Stems Each plant part – tissue, root, stem, leaf - has a specific role in keeping the plant alive through photosynthesis

40. Structure:Tissues- 3 types Vascular Plant Body A vascular plant’s body contains three kinds of tissues—dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. • 1.Dermal Tissue Dermal tissue covers a plant. A thin layer of epidermis covers nonwoody parts. Several layers of cork cover woody parts. • 2.Ground Tissue Ground tissue is specialized for photosynthesis in leaves and for storage and support in stems and roots.

41. Review: Vascular Tissues • 3.Vascular Tissues Vascular tissue conducts water, minerals, and organic compounds throughout the plant. • Xylem - contains vessels, which are made up of cells that conduct water only after they lose their cytoplasm. Water flows between cells through pits and perforations in their cell walls. • Carry reactants • Phloem -contains sieve tubes, which are made up of cells that are still living. Substances pass between the cells through pores. • Carry products

42. Plant Structure:Roots • Function- absorption, storage and anchorage • Roots have a central core of vascular tissue that is surrounded by ground tissue and epidermal tissue. • Root hairs on root tips increase the surface area which increases absorption • Remember that Nitrogen Fixation happens in the roots! (Nitrogen fixation is when nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted by bacteria into nitrogen compounds like ammonia, nitrates and nitrites)

43. Plant Structure:Leaves • Site of photosynthesis • composed of blade, veins, petiole • There are different layers of leaves (next slide) • simple or compound

44. Leaves Cross Section - epidermis – adaptation for terrestrial life- covering of leaf - waxy cuticle - coats upper and lower epidermis - stomata – site of transpiration

45. Movement of Water : • Transpiration Transpiration, the loss of water from a plant’s leaves, creates a pull that draws water up through xylem from roots to leaves. • Guard Cells and Transpiration Guard cells control water loss by closing a plant’s stomata when water is scarce. Thus, they also regulate the rate of transpiration.

46. Movement of Organic Compounds • Translocation Organic compounds are pushed through the phloem from a source to a sink in a process called translocation.

47. See pg. 559 – Yes, you need to know the layers of leaves

48. Plant structure:Stems • Function: support and transfer • Contain the Xylem and Phloem • Help define plant types (shrubs, vines, trees, etc)

49. Chapter 25 Leaves lose water by transpiration. Leaves produce sugars in photosynthesis. Sugars are transported downward in the stem. Sugars are transported into flowers and fruits. Sugars are transported upward to leaf buds in the spring. Sugars are transported downward into roots for use or storage. Water enters the xylem of roots and moves upward into the xylem of the stem. Plant Structure and Function

50. Overview of plants and photosynthesis happenings