Analysis of Link Reversal Routing Algorithms

Analysis of Link Reversal Routing Algorithms Srikanta Tirthapura (Iowa State University) and Costas Busch (Renssaeler Polytechnic Institute)

Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Node Failures Nodes might go to sleep Nodes might move Underlying Communication Graph is Changing

Algorithms for Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks • Algorithms should be simple and distributed • Self-stabilizing (or self-healing) in the face of failures

Research Goal • Design Algorithms for which we can • Prove convergence • Analyze performance • Predict behavior on large scale networks • Complementary to evaluation through simulation and experiments

Link Reversal Algorithms • Very simple • Been around for 20 years • Gafni-Bertsekas • Full Reversal Algorithm • Partial Reversal Algorithm • Our Contribution:First formal performance analysis of link reversal

Talk Outline • Link Reversal Routing • Previous Work & Contributions • Our Analysis • Basic Properties of Link Reversal • Full Reversal Algorithm • Partial Reversal Algorithm • Lower Bounds • Conclusions

Distributed Dynamic Graph Problem • Communication Graph: • Vertices = Computers (perhaps mobile) • Edges = Wireless communication links • Task: Maintain a distributed structure on this graph • Routing • Leader Election • Issues: • Deal with node and link failures • Acyclicity

Aim of Link Reversal Destination oriented, directed acyclic graph Destination Connection graph of a wireless network

Link Failure node moves

A bad state A good state Bad node: no path to destination Good node:at least one path to destination

Full Link Reversal Algorithm sink sink sink sink sink sink sink Sinks reverse all their links #reversals = 7 time = 5

Partial Link Reversal Algorithm sink sink sink sink sink Sinks reverse some of their links time = 5 #reversals = 5

Heights and Acyclicity General height: higher lower Heights are ordered in lexicographic order Observation: Directed Graph is always acyclic

Full Link Reversal Algorithm Node Real height Node ID (breaks ties)

Full Link Reversal Algorithm sink Sink before reversal after reversal

Full Link Reversal Algorithm

Partial Link Reversal Algorithm Node Node ID memory Real height (breaks ties)

Partial Link Reversal Algorithm sink Sink before reversal after reversal

Partial Link Reversal Algorithm

Deterministic Link Reversal Algorithms Sink before reversal after reversal Deterministic function

Merits of Link Reversal • Simple • Distributed, Acyclic • Self-stabilizes from a bad state to a good state

Previous Work Gafni and Bertsekas: 1981 • Designed First Reversal Algorithms • Proof of stability (eventual convergence) Corson and Ephremides: Wireless Net. Jour. 1995 • LMR – Lightweight Mobile Routing Alg. Park and Corson: INFOCOM 1997 • TORA – Temporally Ordered Routing Alg. • - Variation of partial reversal • - Deals with partitions

Previous Work Malpani, Welch and Vaidya.: DIAL-M 2000 • Distributed Leader election based on TORA • (partial) proof of stability • Intanagonwiwat, Govindan, Estrin: MOBICOM 00 • “Directed Diffusion” – Sensor network routing • Similar to the TORA algorithm Experimental work and surveys: Broch et al.: MOBICOM 1998 Samir et al.: IC3N 1998 Perkins: “Ad Hoc Networking”, Rajamaran: SIGACT news 2002

Our Contribution First formal performance analysis of link reversal routing algorithms in terms of #reversals and time

Metrics # reversals:total number of node reversals till stabilization (work) Time: number of parallel time steps till stabilization

The Good News • The work and time taken depend only on the number of nodes which have lost their paths to destination • Algorithm is Local

Further News “bad” nodes Full reversal algorithm: #reversals and time: There are worst-cases with: Partial reversal algorithm: #reversals and time: There are worst-cases with: depends on the network state

More News – Lower Bound bad nodes Any deterministic algorithm: There are states such that #reversals and time: Full reversal alg. is worst-case optimal Partial reversal alg. is not

Definitions dest. Good nodes Bad nodes Bad state

Resulting Good state dest.

Good Nodes Never Reverse dest. Good nodes Proof by a simple induction on distance from dest.

Many possible reversal schedules A B C

Schedule of Reversals is NOT important • Lemma: For all executions of any deterministic reversal algorithm starting from the same initial state • # of reversals is the same • Final state is the same • For upper bounds and lower bounds, we can choose a “convenient” execution schedule

Bad state dest. Good nodes Bad nodes

Layers of bad nodes dest. Good nodes Bad nodes

Layers of bad nodes dest. A layer:

There is an execution segment such that: Every bad node reverses exactly once dest.

There is an execution segment such that: Every bad node reverses exactly once r r dest. r

There is an execution segment such that: Every bad node reverses exactly once r r dest. r r r

There is an execution segment such that: Every bad node reverses exactly once r r dest. r r r r r r

At the end of execution : • All nodes of layer become good nodes • The remaining bad nodes return to the • same state as before the execution r r r r r dest. r r r r r r r

At the end of execution : • All nodes of layer become good nodes • The remaining bad nodes return to the • same state as before the execution dest.

There is an execution such that: Every (remaining) bad node reverses exactly once dest.

At the end of execution : • All nodes of layer become good nodes • The remaining bad nodes return to the • same state as before the execution dest.

At the end of execution : All nodes of layer become good nodes dest.

Analysis of Link Reversal Routing Algorithms