DANDY D eoxyribo n ucleic A cid

1. DANDYDeoxyribonucleic Acid

2. ALL CELLS HAVE DNA… • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. • Prokaryotes (bacteria) • Eukaryotes (animals, plants, etc.)

3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid • DNA is found in the nucleus (of eukarytotes). • Remember…the nucleus is the “control center” of the cell.

4. DNA is found in three forms… • Chromatin - Single strands of DNA found in the nucleus when the cell is NOT dividing. • Chromatid - Single copy of condensed DNA that is coiled and wound up prior to division. • Chromosome - Two copies of DNA (two chromatids) connected prior to cell division.

5. DNA is the code of life… • Genes - segments of DNA that code for specific proteins and therefore specific traits.

6. D.N.A. • Deoxyribonucleic Acid - Hereditary material - Double helix - a “twisted ladder” of nucleotides.

7. T A C G G C Nucleotides: • Sides of the ladder A. Sugar B. Phosphate • Steps of the ladder C. Nitrogen Base * Cytosine * Guanine * Adenine * Thymine

8. The Bases Pair… • C always goes with G. • they both have curves. • A always goes with T . • they both are made of sticks.

9. HOW DOES THE DNA“MAGIC” WORK? • DNA makes RNA • RNA makes protein • Which of our friendly organelles makes protein? • Where in the cell are they? • Where are the chromosomes?

10. G C A U So what is RNA? • R.N.A - Ribonucleic Acid • Just like DNA except: ** Ribose (sugar) ** Single Stranded ** Uracil instead of Thymine

11. How does DNA work? • The DNA is Read. • The nucleus gets a chemical signal to make a protein. 2. The DNA is opened (unzipped) where the gene starts.

12. How does DNA work? • mRNA pairs up with the DNA template. 4. The DNA closes and the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus.

13. Let’s Try A DNA Example: • Fill in the matching bases for the DNA strand T - T - C - G - A - G -

14. Let’s Try A DNA Example: • Fill in the matching bases for the DNA strand T - A T - A C - G G - C A - T G - C

15. RNA Example 2. Fill in the new mRNA strand along the left side of the DNA T - - A T - - A C - - G G - - C A - - T G - - C

16. RNA Example 2. Fill in the new mRNA strand along the left side of the DNA T - A - A T - A - A C - G - G G - C - C A - U - T G - C - C

17. Completed RNA 3. Write the new mRNA strand that moves into the cytoplasm

18. Completed RNA • Write the new mRNA strand that moves into the cytoplasm A A G C U C

19. Ribosome mRNA A A G C U C codon How Powerful Proteins Are Made… • The mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome. • The ribosome reads the RNA 3 bases at a time (codon).

20. CCG How Powerful Proteins Are Made… 3. For each codon, an amino acid is attached to the ribosome to form a chain of protein.

21. mRNA CODES FOR AMINO ACIDS

22. How Powerful Proteins Are Made… 4. After reading the RNA the ribosome sends the protein chain to the golgi complex to be packed and shipped. Shipped to Golgi

23. Rockin’ Ribosome Let’s continue our example… A - A - G - C - U - C - mRNA - Amino Acids

24. Rockin’ Ribosome Let’s continue our example… A - A - G - C - U - C - mRNA - Amino Acids Lysine Leucine

25. Rockin’ Ribosome Let’s try the whole thing!!! T - A - C - G - G - A - C - C - T - D.N.A R.N.A Amino Acids

26. Rockin’ Ribosome Let’s try the whole thing!!! T - A A - T C - G G - C G - C A - T C - G C - G T - A D.N.A R.N.A Amino Acids

27. Rockin’ Ribosome Let’s try the whole thing!!! A U G C C U G G A Methionine (start codon) T - A A - T C - G G - C G - C A - T C - G C - G T - A D.N.A R.N.A Amino Acids Proline Glycine