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An Introduction to Genes and Genomes

. Cells: structural/functional units of all living organisms. (bacteria single cell; humans have ~75 trillion with 200 types of different cells)What types of cells can you think of that are in your body?. Prokaryotes. Means before nucleus" Bacteria (eubacteria and archaebacteria) and cyanobac

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An Introduction to Genes and Genomes

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    1. An Introduction to Genes and Genomes

    2. Cells: structural/functional units of all living organisms. (bacteria – single cell; humans have ~75 trillion with 200+ types of different cells) What types of cells can you think of that are in your body?

    3. Prokaryotes Means “before nucleus” Bacteria (eubacteria and archaebacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) 100nm to 10ľm DNA located in cytoplasm Few organelles (what is an organelle?)

    5. Bacterial Structure

    6. Eukaryotes Means “true nucleus” Protists, fungi, plant and animal cells 10 – 100ľm DNA located in membrane bound region called nucleus Many organelles

    8. Nucleus DNA in nucleus Nuclear membrane is a bi-layer ~ 6 feet of DNA is in nucleus in a human! DNA also in mitochondria and chloroplasts

    9. History of the Discovery of DNA as the Carrier of Genetic Code Friedrich Miescher (1869) Identified nuclein obtained from WBC’s Could not be broken down by proteases which suggests nuclein is not a protein. Had acidic properties (hence…nucleic acid)

    10. Griffith Transformation Experiment

    11. Results of Experiment Demonstrated transformation: uptake of DNA by bacterial cells. How? The heat broke open some of the S cells which released their DNA which was subsequently taken up by the R cells. Encouraged other scientists to investigate this transforming factor.

    12. Avery/MacLeod and McCarty

    13. Results Provided definitive evidence that DNA was the transforming factor of the Griffith experiment. Led to further experimentation – Hershey Chase

    14. Hershey Chase Experiment

    15. What’s the structure of DNA?? Chargaff figured out the relative percentages of the 4 nitrogen bases. A=T C=G

    16. Nucleotide

    21. James Watson

    23. Polarity of Molecule

    24. Vocabulary Phosphodiester bond: covalent bond that connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another. Polarity: 5’ end and 3’ end…refers to the carbons of the deoxyribose sugar. Important for DNA replication and manipulation in the lab. Antiparallel: polarity of each strand is reversed relative to each other

    25. What is a gene? Sequence of nucleotides that gives cells directions for the synthesis of a specific protein or RNA. Some traits are controlled by a single gene – some rely on multiple genes…important to understand for gene therapies! Most genes 1000-4000 nt longMost genes 1000-4000 nt long

    27. Genes Influence cellular metabolism Behavioral abilities Cognitive abilities (like intelligence) Affect susceptibility to certain types of genetic diseases

    28. Chromosome Structure Problem: how to pack 6 feet of DNA into a nucleus efficiently enough to allow access for transcription as well as replication??

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