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????????? . 1700????,J.Lancaster??A.Bell ??,???????????????,?????1806???????1960????,????(D.W. Johnson

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    1. ????????? ???:??? ??? ???

    2. ????????? 1700????,J.Lancaster??A.Bell ??,???????????????,?????1806???????1960????,????(D.W. Johnson & R.T.Johnson)?????????????????????????,??????????(Cooperative Learning Center),?????????????????(???????,?85)?

    3. ????????? ????????????,????????? ????(???????,1999) ???????(cognitive developmental perspective) ???????(social nter-dependenceperspective) ?????(contact theory perspective) ??????(behavioral learning theory perspective) ???????

    4. ?????????—????1 ????????(cognitive development) 1?Piaget ??????? Piaget ??????????( social arbitrary knowledge)??????????????????(?????),????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????,??????????????????? (???,1993)

    5. ?????????—????2 2. Vygotsky ??????? ????(scaffolding)??:????????????,????????,????????,?????????? ??????????????????????,?????????????,??????????,????????????????? ??????????????????????????????

    6. ?????????--????3 3. ????? ????????????????????,??????????????????????????(???,1996) ???????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???,1995)?

    7. ?????????—????4 ??????? Slavin(1999)????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????????,???????? Slavin ?Johnson ?Johnson ????????????????,???????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????(???,1997)

    8. ?????????—?????? ????????1900 ?????????????Kafka,???:????????????(dynamic whole)? ?????????????-??,????????,??????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????(??)???????,??????????????,?????

    9. ?????????—???? ??????Bruner(1966)????????????????????,??????????????,???????????,??????????????????????????(theory of instruction)????????????:???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????? Slavin(1999)??????????????,?????????????????

    10. ??????? ??Parker(1985) ??????????????,???????????,????????????????,?????????????????,??????,???????????,???????????????

    11. ??????? ?????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????( Nattiv ,1994) ???????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????,????????????,?????????????? (Sharan & shaulov,1990)

    12. ??????? ?????(1998) ????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????;??????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????

    13. ??????? ????????,??????: ???????????????,????????,?????????2?8??????,??????????????,????????????????????,???????????????

    14. ??????? ?????? ??????(positive interdependence) ???????????(face-to-face promotive interaction) ??????(individual accountability) ?????? ?????? ??????(group processing)

    15. ????????? ?????????(positive interdependence) Johnson?Johnson(1993)??????????????: 1.???????(goal interdependence) 2.???????(rewards interdependence) 3.???????(task interdependence) 4.???????(role interdependence) 5.???????(resource interdependence )

    16. ????????? ????????(face to face interaction) Johnson?Johnson?1993 ??????????????????????: (?)??????????????? (?)???????? (?)??????????? ??????????????????,?????,?????????????

    17. ????????? ??????(individual accountability ) ??????????????:(???,1997) 1??????????????,???????2 ?6 ???,????? 2????????????,?????????,???????? 3?????????????????????????????? 4??????????,???????????????? 5?????????????????????

    18. ????????? ??????(interpersonal skill) ?????,??????????(????task-work),???????????????????????(????team work)?(???,1996) 1???????????????? 2?????????????,?????? ?,????? 3?????????? 4????????,?????

    19. ????????? ??????(group processing) ??????????????(???,1996) 1??????????? 2??????????,?????????? 3????????????? 4???????????,???????????????? 5??????????????

    20. ????????? ????:?????,???????,??? ????? ????:????????????????? ????,????? ????:????????,???????? ????? ????:???????????????? ????:????????????????? ????? ????:???????,????????? ???????

    21. ??????? ????????????,??????????,???????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????,???????,?????????????,???????????,????????????????????(???,1999)

    22. ????????? Johnson?Johnson(1993) ?????:????????,??????? ?????:???????????,???????????? ?????:??????????????????? Johnson ?Johnson??????????????:????70%,??10%,?????20%????????

    23. ????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????(???,1994)

    24. ?????????? ???????????(STAD) Student Teams-Achievement Divisions

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