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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Programming Languages. O BJECTIVES. Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level languages. Understand the process of creating and running a program.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 ProgrammingLanguages

  2. OBJECTIVES Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level languages. Understand the process of creating and running a program. Distinguish between the different categories of languages:procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special. Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C. Have a vision of computer language evolution. After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

  3. 9.1 EVOLUTION

  4. Figure 9-1 Evolution of computer languages

  5. Program 9.1 Program in machine language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 00000000 00000100 0000000000000000 01011110 00001100 11000010 0000000000000010 11101111 00010110 0000000000000101 11101111 10011110 0000000000001011 11111000 10101101 11011111 0000000000010010 01100010 11011111 0000000000010101 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000010111 11110100 10101101 11011111 0000000000011110 00000011 10100010 11011111 0000000000100001 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000100100 01111110 11110100 10101101 11111000 10101110 11000101 0000000000101011 00000110 10100010 11111011 0000000000110001 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100 00000100 0000000000111101 00000100 0000000000111101

  6. Note: The only language understood bya computer is machine language.

  7. Program 9.2 Program in symbolic language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Entry main, ^m<r2> subl2 #12,sp jsb C$MAIN_ARGS movab $CHAR_STRING_CON pushal -8(fp) pushal (r2) calls #2,read pushal -12(fp) pushal 3(r2) calls #2,read mull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),- pushal 6(r2) calls #2,print clrl r0 ret

  8. Program 9.3 Program in C++ language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 /* This program reads two integer numbers from the keyboard and prints their product. */ #include <iostream.h> int main (void) { // Local Declarations int number1; int number2; int result; // Statements cin >> number1; cin >> number2; result = number1 * number2; cout << result; return 0; } // main

  9. 9.2 BUILDING A PROGRAM

  10. Figure 9-2 Building a program

  11. 9.3 PROGRAM EXECUTION

  12. Figure 9-3 Program execution

  13. 9.4 CATEGORIES OF LANGUAGES

  14. Figure 9-4 Categories of languages

  15. Figure 9-5 Function in a functional language

  16. Figure 9-6 Extracting the third element of a list

  17. Table 9.1 Common tags Beginning Tag ---------------- <HTML> <HEAD> <BODY> <TITLE> <Hi> <B> <I> <U> <SUB> <SUP> <CENTER> <BR> <OL> <UL> <LI> <IMG> <A> Ending Tag ---------------- </HTML> </HEAD> </BODY> </TITLE> </Hi> </B> </I> </U> </SUB> </SUP> </CENTER> </OL> </UL> </LI> </A> Meaning---------------------------- document document head document body document title different header levelsboldface Italic underlined subscript superscript centered line break ordered list unordered list an item in the list an image an address (hyperlink)

  18. Program 9.4 HTML Program <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> Sample Document </TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> This is the picture of a book: <IMG SRC="Pictures/book1.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE> </BODY> </HTML>

  19. 9.5 A PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE: C

  20. Figure 9-7 Variables

  21. Table 9.2 Arithmetic operators Operator ---------------- + - * / % ---------- ++-- Definition ---------------- Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division (quotient) Division (remainder) ----------------------- Increment Decrement Example---------------------- 3 + 5 2 - 4 Num * 5 Sum / Count Count % 4 ----------------------- Count ++ Count --

  22. Table 9.3 Relational operators Operator ---------------- < <= > >= == != Definition ---------------- Less than Less than or equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Equal to Not equal to Example---------------------- Num1 < 5 Num1 <= 5 Num2 > 3 Num2 >= 3 Num1 == Num2 Num1 != Num2

  23. Table 9.4 Logical operators Operator ---------------- ! && || Definition ---------------- NOT AND OR Example---------------------- ! ( Num1 < Num2 ) (Num1 < 5 ) && (Num2 > 10 ) (Num1 < 5 ) || (Num2 > 10 )

  24. Table 9.5 Assignment operators Operator ---------------- == += -= *= /= %= Example ---------------- Num = 5 Num += 5 Num -= 5 Num *= 5 Num /= 5 Num %= 5 Meaning---------------------- Store 5 in Num Num = Num + 5 Num = Num - 5 Num = Num * 5 Num = Num / 5 Num = Num % 5

  25. Figure 9-8 Statements

  26. Figure 9-9 Side effect of a function

  27. Figure 9-10 Function declaration

  28. Figure 9-11 if-else statement

  29. switch statement Figure 9-12

  30. Figure 9-13 while loop

  31. for loop Figure 9-14

  32. do-while loop Figure 9-15

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