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Essential Minerals in Livestock Nutrition: Selenium, Iodine, Mn, Co

Learn about the importance of Selenium, Iodine, Manganese, and Cobalt in livestock nutrition. Understand their roles, deficiencies, toxicities, and recommended supplementation strategies for optimal animal health. Discover the significance of organic mineral forms and when to use them.

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Essential Minerals in Livestock Nutrition: Selenium, Iodine, Mn, Co

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  1. Selenium (Se) • Only nutrient whose level is controlled by FDA • Has smallest optimal range • (difference between requirement and toxicity) • Toxicity can be a regional problem in Montana

  2. Selenium (Se) • There are Se accumulating plants • Can be indicators of toxicity • Can result in acute toxicity – sudden death • Astragalus species (locoweed) • Vetches • Some native range plants

  3. Selenium (Se) Toxicity • Originally called Alkali disease • Chronic toxicity • Affects keratin of hair/hooves • Rough hair coat • “Bobbed” tail • Sloughed hooves • Affects adult animals

  4. Se Deficiency • Se deficiencies that affect young animals • Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy • White Muscle Disease • Affects ability to stand and nurse

  5. Se Deficiency • In reproductive females • Retained placenta • Decreased fertility

  6. Iodine (I) • Not high in feeds • Therefore we use Iodized salt • (even for humans) • Regional deficiency – Great Lakes, Montana

  7. Iodine Deficiency • At any age = Goiter • Enlargement of thyroid gland • Thyroxine contains Iodine • In reproductive females = stillbirths • Weak, hairless young

  8. Mn Deficiency • Symptoms: • Lameness • Abnormal bone growth • Immune dysfunction

  9. Mn Deficiency • In reproductive females: • Delayed estrus • Reduced ovulation • Embryonic mortality • Decreased fertility

  10. Cobalt (Co) • Required for rumen microbes to synthesize Vitamin B12 • Part of Vit. B12’s chemical structure

  11. Cobalt (Co) • Deficiency regional grazing

  12. Wasting Disease (Co deficiency) • First discovered in Australia • Australia – extreme emaciation • Because VitB12important in energy metabolism

  13. Wasting Disease (Co deficiency) • To cure: • Cobalt must be provided to rumen • Injection of Co won’t work • (because Co needed in rumen to synthesize Vit. B12) • Injection of Vitamin B12 will work

  14. “Organic” Minerals • Chelated • Attached to amino acids • Proteinated • Attached to peptides • Complexed • Attached to other organic compounds

  15. “Organic” Minerals • Usually Zn, Cu, Mn, & Co are included in organic form • Hypothesis: Increased availability

  16. Example feed tag containing organic minerals

  17. “Organic” Minerals • Are they effective? • Conflicting research results • Positive results with animals that are: • High producing • Stressed • Immune-compromised

  18. “Organic” Minerals • Organic forms are more expensive than sulfates, chlorides, etc. • Therefore, they must be cost effective

  19. “Organic” Minerals • Recommendation for organic mineral use: • If high S, Fe and/or Mo (antagonists)

  20. “Organic” Minerals • Recommendation • If problems occur such as: • Calf/lamb scours • Increased reproductive failure • Change in hair color • Increased foot rot • Increased respiratory infections

  21. “Organic” Minerals • Due to cost, recommendation is: • 70% inorganic + 30% organic • Supplementation during strategic (stressful) times: • Cows – prior to calving through breeding • Ewes – prior to lambing, during breeding • Calves/lambs – prior to weaning

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