西方文明史

1. 西方文明史 第十二講：　中古歐洲藝術     劉　慧　　教授 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】

2. 1290s- new methods to recruit fighting men • Archer, infantry • Contract and salary; commission of array 1) The Parliamentary peerage • Dukes (1337 duke of Cornwall) • Earls (11th c) and barons (11th c; 1387) • Marquess (1385), viscount (1440) • 60-70 families 2) The gentry • Knights, esquires (14th c), gentlemen (15th c) • 9,000 families 3) Yeomen and the rest

3. Medieval Art • ‘Renaissance’ • Architecture/ sculpture/ (wall) painting/ tapestry/ book illumination • 7-8th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art • 8-9th c Carolingian minuscule • 12-13th c Romanesqueand Gothic architecture • 15th c Oil painting

4. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Raphael (1483-1520)

5. Michelangelo (1475-1564) Sistine Chapel

6. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519); Michelangelo (1475-1564); Raphael (1483-1520) • Petrarch (1304-1374); Machiavelli (1469-1527) • Shakespeare (1564-1616); Cervantes (1547-1616); • Henry VIII and Elizabeth; François I; Isabella and Ferdinand Chambord the Duomo Florence

7. The Renaissances • Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860): • individualism and modernity. personality, glory, self-fashioning • BUT: • no ‘death’ of classical learning before • All Renaissance personalities and ‘humanists’ were Christians • ‘Renaissance’ thinkers and artists were enormously diverse • Society and culture had been increasingly worldly and materialistic since the 12th c • ‘Re-birth’= self-perception of the Italian thinkers in the 14 and 15th c: against the dominant French culture, esp. scholasticism and architecture

8. Humanism • Revival of Latin literature in the context of a rhetorical tradition (written communication, persuasion and entertainment; poems and letters) • In contrast with medieval scholasticism • Human’s nobility and great potential for understanding – exercise of reason and self-control • But already most visible in the 12th c • R.W. Southern and ‘Scholastic Humanism’ • Logicians, lawyers, doctors, theologians etc. created a new intellectual world

9. 1. ‘Early modern’ 2. The Italian Renaissance: literature and the arts from 1350 to 1550 3. Renaissances • Re-birth; renewal of classical learning • The Northumbrian Renaissance • The Carolingian Renaissance • The Ottonian Renaissance • The Twelfth-Century Renaissance • 1927 Charles Homer Haskins • Expansion of education and new intellectual approach • Art and architecture, vernacular poetry on courtly love, transformations in attitudes to law, the emergence of a theological science, origins of the universities etc • The Renaissance 14-16th c

10. Medieval Art • Architecture/ sculpture/ (wall) painting/ tapestry/ book illumination • 7-8th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art • 8-9th c Carolingian minuscule • 12-13th c Romanesque and Gothic architecture • 15th c Oil painting

11. 1. 7-8th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art The Lindisfarne Gospels: Gospel of St John the Evangelist, initial page. Lindisfarne, late 7th or early 8th century • In principio erat Verbum et Verbum eratapud Deum et Deus

12. A 15th-c Book of Hours

13. 2. 8-9th c Carolingian art; the Carolingian minuscule Aix-la-Chapelle /Aachen

14. Merovingian The first line of the text reads:  ‘qualitasastringitsaepenamqueallisuffi’. Carolingian The first line of the text reads:  ‘O bona progenies quam terriscontulitille’

15. Gian Francesco PoggioBracciolini’s ‘Renaissance’ handwriting

16. 3. Medieval Cathedrals Lincoln Cathedral note the black marble shafts

17. 4. 15th c: oil paint and other new techniques • New techniques • Oil painting: from Flanders • Linear perspective • Chiaroscuro • Human Anatomy • More nonreligious themes, appealing to the intellect or the eye Caravaggio (1571-1610), Supper at Emmaus(1602)

18. Jan van Eyck (1390-1444), The Virgin with Chancellor Rolin, c.1436 Raphael (1483-1520) Madonna dellaSedia, c.1514 • Material • Artistic convention

19. Architecture (1)Roman – the Pantheon • round arch; dome; barrel vault (2) Byzantine – the Hagia Sophia and St Marco • a dome on four pendentives (3) Western Europe • From Roman Basilica to the Cruciform church • Problem with the ceiling • 11th c, 12th c Romanesque, 13th c- Gothic

21. (1)Roman – The Pantheon, 126 AD

22. (2) Byzantine – The Hagia Sophia

24. Hagia Sophia – dome on four pendentives or four arches Pendentives

25. (2) Byzantine – St Mark’s, Venice

28. (3) Western Europe – the Basilica; S. ApollinareNuovo, Ravenna,c. 490

29. (3) Western Europe – the Basilica and Cruciform church

30. (3) Western Europe – the ceiling Gothicvault Barrel vault Romanesque vault Ribbed vault

31. Saint-Sernin, Toulouse Barrel vaulting Amiens Cathedral Ribbed vaulting Bath Cathedral Fan vaulting

33. Clerestory windows/ triforium/ arcade or aisle windows

34. Medieval Architecture • The Romanesque Style: round arch • Continuation • Heavy, solid, earthbound • The Gothic Style: pointed arch, rib vault, flying buttress • a skeleton, stained glass windows • Lofty, delicate, reaching towards the heavens • Later Middle Ages • Further elaboration of the Gothic style: more vertical and more decorative • Italy: Greco-Roman style, domes, round arches

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