1. Development-Related Disorders

2. Mental RetardationGeneral Information Mental Retardation Is An _____________ _______________________ Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children � IV Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - III Mean = 100, Standard Deviation = 15 ______________ Two Standard Deviations Below The Mean ________________________

3. Mental Retardation Diagnostic Criteria _____________________ I.Q. Less Than Or Equal _______ Deficits In At Least Two Domains Of ________________ -____________ -Communication -____________ -Use of Community Resources

4. Ranges of Mental Retardation _______ MR Moderate MR _______ MR Profound MR

5. Ranges of Mental Retardation Mild Mental Retardation IQ: ____________ Can Learn Academic Skills Up To _________ ________________ Social Conformity ____________________

6. Ranges of Mental Retardation Moderate Mental Retardation IQ: ________________ Can Learn Academic Skills Up To _________ Trainable In __________________________ _______________________ In Familiar Environments

7. Ranges of Mental Retardation Severe Mental Retardation IQ: _____________ Can Learn To __________________ Can Learn Basic Self Care ____________ ____________ Comb Hair ____________

8. Ranges of Mental Retardation Profound Mental Retardation IQ: ___________ Some Motor Development May Be Present May Respond To Training In _____________

9. Mental RetardationIncidence ______________ Has Mental Retardation MR Is More Common In __________

10. Origins of Mental RetardationGenetics Origins Down Syndrome (____________) __________________ Early Dementia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Gene X Environment Interaction Fetus/Person Unable To Use ___________________, An ___________________________ Increased Phenylalanine Level Causes __________________ ___________________ Fragile X Syndrome __________________________

11. Origins of Mental RetardationEnvironmental Origins Problems During Gestation Substances/ Toxins Alcohol ________________________ __________________ __________________ Physical Characteristics If Mom Drank In __________ Cognitive Deficits Possible If Mom Drank In Any Trimester Cocaine _________________ Reduced Head Circumference And Reduced Birth Weight _________________________ Maternal Infection _________________ Rubella (German Measles) During 1st Trimester

12. Origins of Mental RetardationEnvironmental Origins (cont.) Problems During ___________ _______________ ___________ Brain Injury During Birth (Forceps) Problems During Early Development ______________ ______________ �Failure To Thrive� Children Impaired __________________ Development In Kids Who Receive Little Nurturance

13. Treatments for Mental Retardation Education _____________________________ Mainstreaming Including Children With Cognitive And Physical Impairments In Mainstream Classrooms _________________ Passed In Early 1970s States That Special Needs Children Must Be Educated With Their Normal Peers ____________________ ________________________ Practical Limit Of Mainstreaming = 1:1 Teaching Aide Special Schooling Lower Student � Teacher Ratio _________________________________________

14. Treatments for Mental Retardation ______________________ Targets ___________________________________ ___________________(e.g., Functional Language First) _______ Development (Social Introduction, Social Perception) ___________ Development Strategies Positive Reinforcement (R+) For ____________________ Negative Punishment (P-) For ______________________ Parent Training (A-B-C, Task Analysis, R+, P-) _____________________________________ (DRO)

15. Pervasive Developmental Disorders Common Features Severe Impairments In _____________ Severe Impairments In _____________ Unusual ____________, ____________, And/Or ____________

16. Specific Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rett�s Disorder Occurs Only In _____________ Incidence: ______________ Onset: __________________ _________________ (Handholding And Impaired Gait) Severe ______________ Impairments

17. Specific Pervasive Developmental Disorders Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Occurs In _____________________ Incidence: ____________________ Onset: _______________________ Severely _____________________ Severely Impaired Socialization* Unusual Behaviors, Activities, And/Or Interests* Loss Of ________________________ Impaired _____________________

18. Specific Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autistic Disorder Onset Of Symptoms Prior To ___________ Incidence: ___________________ (4 Males: 1 Female) Severe Impairment In Socialization* (2 Or More) Lack Of Reciprocal Facial Gestures ___________________________ Impaired Peer Relations (Profound Asociality) ____________________ (Theory Of Mind) Lack Of Sharing Of Interests/Achievements Lack Of Social/Emotional Reciprocity _____________________________ Severe Impairment In Communication* (___________) __________________________ Inability To Maintain A Conversation Stereotyped Language (Echolalia, Pronoun Reversal) Lack Of Pretend Play Unusual Behaviors, Activities, Or Interests* (__________) _________________________ Inflexibly Adherence To Nonfunctional Routines (Need For Sameness) Stereotyped Motor Behaviors (Hand Flapping, Hand Gazing, Grimacing)

19. Specific Pervasive Developmental Disorders Features Associated With Autism ________________ Self Injurious Behaviors ________________ Self __________________

20. Specific Pervasive Developmental Disorders Asperger�s Disorder Severely ____________________ Unusual _____________________ Normal ____________________ Better ______________ Than Autism ____ Of Asperger�s D/O Persons Have ________ ____ Of Autistic Persons Have ___________

21. Biological Theories of Autism Autism Is A ________________________ Genetics ____ Concordance Between Monozygotic Twins Relatives Have Higher Rates Of Deficits In ______________, ___________, And Cognition Brain Structures Larger _______________ Smaller ______________

22. Psychological Theories of Autism ____________ (Old Theory) _____________ Very High Factors ____________________ High Caretaking Demand ____________________ _________________ Lack Of Reciprocated Affection _______________

23. Treatment of Autism _________________ Functional Analysis (A-B-C) ________________ Parent Support ____________ ____________ Discrete Trials Training (_________) Aversive ________________ Reduce Extreme _____________________

24. Learning Disorders (�Learning Disabilities�) Diagnostic Criteria ______________________ (As Measured By Standardized Achievement Tests And Classroom Performance) Is ________________ ______________ Given ___________________ (As Measured By Intelligence Tests) ___________________ At Least One Standard Deviation Below Expectations Given Intellectual Ability (________________________________)

25. Types of Learning Disorders Mathematics Disorder _________________________________ Disorder Of Written Expression _____________ Errors In ____________________ Disorganized Paragraphs Reading Disorder (�____________�) Individual Omits, Distorts, Or Substitutes Words ___________________ Causes Reading To Be _________________

26. Incidence Of Learning Disorders _____________________ Are Diagnosed With A Learning Disorder Estimates Suggest That The Incidence Of Learning Disorder May Be _____________ _________________, But Mostly Boys Are Identified And Diagnosed Due To Their More Frequent ___________________

27. Possible Negative Consequences Of Learning Disorders ____________________ _____________ With Learning Disorder Drop Out Of High School ___________________ Due To Multiple Academic Failures And Ridicule From Others, Many Persons With Learning Disorder Harbor Strong Feelings Of _________________ ____________________ Struggling Academically And __________________, Adolescents With Learning Disorder Often Associate With Other Troubled Teens And May Engage In __________________ ____________________ An Otherwise Intelligent Person With A Learning Disorder May Lack The Functional _________________________ Required By Many Jobs

28. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Onset Of Sxs Prior To _______________ Symptoms Cause Impairment In At Least _____________ Duration: Minimum _____________ Symptoms Of Inattention (__________) Careless Mistakes Or Fails To Attend To Details Poor ____________________ Does Not Listen ________________ Does Not Follow Through On __________________________ Difficulty In Organizing ___________________ Avoids Tasks Requiring Sustained Mental Effort Loses Items Necessary For Tasks ___________________ _________________

29. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic Criteria (Cont.) Symptoms Of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity (__________) Hyperactivity Often ________________ Often ______________ Inappropriately Often _________________ About When Inappropriate Often Has Difficulty _______________________________ Frequently �On The Go� As If �Driven By A Motor� ______________________ ___________________ Often Blurts Out Answers Before Question Has Been Completed Often Has Difficulty Waiting His Or Her Turn Often _______________ Or Intrudes On ______________

30. Types of ADHD ADHD, _______________________ ___________ Symptoms Of Inattention Less Than 6 Symptoms Of ____________________ ADHD, Predominately __________________ Type 6 Or More Symptoms Of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Less Than _____________________________ ADHD, __________________ 6 Or More _____________________ 6 Or More Symptoms Of ______________________

31. ADHD Facts Incidence Of ADHD ___________________________ Although Symptoms Are Often Present Much Earlier, Most Children Diagnosed With ADHD Are First Diagnosed After ______________________ Course Of ADHD ADHD Persists ____________________, Often Into Adolescence, And ______________________ Comorbidity ____________ Of Children With ADHD Also Have A _______________________

32. Consequences of ADHD Behavior Problems According To Russell Barkley, _______________, Between 45 And 70 % Of Kids With ADHD Have Significant Problems With ___________________________ Hostility/ Aggression Toward Others _______________________ Social And Emotional Consequences ____________________ Banished To �Bad Boy� Group (Learn �Bad Boy� Behaviors) Higher Incidence Of Adolescent And _____________________ Increased _____________________ Increased Substance Abuse Problems Increased ______________________

33. ADHD: Biological Factors Genetics General Population: Incidence Rate = ___________ Parent With ADHD: _____________________ Brain Structure And Activity _____________________________ Reduced _____________ Reduced _____________ Nicotine (________________) Study ___________ Of ADHD Kids Smoked When Pregnant 8% Of Mothers� With Normal Kids Smoked When Pregnant

34. ADHD: Psychological Factors _______________________ ADHD Behaviors -> ______________ _____________ <- Parent Behaviors _________________ (Yelling, Negativistic Statements) Decrease When Child Receives Stimulant Medication Child ADHD Behaviors Decrease When Parent Receives _________________________ Modeling Parents Who Have ADHD Spectrum Behaviors __________________________________________

35. Treatment Of ADHD Medications Stimulants (_____________) Prescribed To About ________________ And About ______________ In Special Classrooms Temporary ____________________ Administration: TID Or Slow Release Side Effects ____________________________________________________ Sleep Problems _________________ Nonadherence Due To Parental Ambivalence, Nonadherence Rates Range _____________________ ________________________ (Stratera: Norepi Reuptake Inhibitor)

36. Treatment Of ADHD Behavior Therapy Train Parents And Teachers In _______________ Functional Analysis (A-B-C) _______________________ Catch them being good Negative Punishment ________________________________ _______________ (Star Chart) Varied Settings _______________ _______________

37. Oppositional Defiant Disorder Developmental Considerations Most Children And Adolescents Have Periods Of ________________ ________________; However, Youths With Oppositional Defiant Disorder Are Negativistic And Defiant Of Authority Figures Most Of The Time Diagnostic Criteria Impairments Due To A Pattern Of ______________________ Behavior That Lasts At Least 6 Months ____________________ Symptoms ___________________ Often Argues With Parents Often Defies Or Refuses To Comply With Requests And Rules Of Adults _____________________ Often Blames Others For His/Her Mistakes Or Misbehavior ______________________ Often Angry And Resentful ______________________

38. Facts About Oppositional Defiant Disorder Onset Generally Between ____________________ Gender Differences More Common In ____________________ Equally Common In Adolescent ____ And Adolescent Girls Consequences Of _______________________ ________________ Low Self Esteem _________________ _________________ Exclusively Negative Interactions With Authority Figures

39. Psychological Factors Poor Parent-Child Relationship Three Possible Causes ______________ ______________ ______________ Developmental Course Of Opp Def Disorder Poor Parent-Child Relationship -> ____________________ -> _________________________

40. Treatment Of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Parent Training Train Parent(s) To Be ______________ ______________ Reinforce (Praise) _________________ Punish (___________________) Undesirable Behavior Maintain ___________ Of Reinforcement To ___________________

41. Conduct Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria ____________________________ Of Behavior That Violates The Rights Of Others And Social Norms As Evidenced By Behaviors In At Least Three Of The Following Four Domains (3 Of 4) I. __________________________________________ Bullies, Threatens, Intimidates ___________________________ Has Used A Weapon Has Been _________________________ Has Been _________________________ Has Stolen ________________________ (Mugging) Has Forced Someone Into ____________ (Coercive Or Physical Rape) II. Destruction Of Property Has Set Fires To Cause Serious Damage (Fire-Setting With Intent) ___________________________

42. Conduct Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria III. __________________________ Has Broken Into A _______________________ Often �Cons� Others By Lying In Order To Gain Goods Or Favors Has ______________________________ IV. ____________________________ Beginning Prior To Age 13, __________________ Despite Parental Prohibitions Has Run Away From Home Overnight At Least Twice Beginning Prior __________, Is Often Truant From School

43. Facts About Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder -> ________________ Most Youths With Conduct Disorder Have Histories Of __________ ________________________________ Incidence _________________________ _________________________ Adult Outcome (___________) Followed Conduct Disorder Boys Into Adulthood Antisocial Tendencies ______________________ Very High Rates Of: _____________________ _____________________________________ Poor Social Relationships _______________________ Only 1/6th Of The Boys With Conduct Disorder Were Free Of Psychopathology In Adulthood ______________ Of The Boys Met Criteria For Antisocial Personality Disorder In Adulthood

44. Conduct Disorder: Biological Factors Genetics Mixed Findings Aggressive Behavior Is _________________ Less Evidence For The Heritability Of Behaviors Such As _______________________________

45. Conduct Disorder: Psychological Factors ___________________________ Family Environment Lacks The Qualities That Produce Children With A ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Parents Who Clearly Express Moral Principles And Clearly Expect That Their Children Will Uphold Them ________________________________________ Parents Who Use Reasoning And Explanations As Part Of Their Parenting Style Social Learning Theory (__________) Children Learn Aggressive Behavior From The Aggressive Behavior ________________________________________ Operant Conditioning Aggression Is Reinforced Because It Is Often An _____________________________________________ Lack Of Negative Consequences ______________________

46. Conduct Disorder: Psychological Factors _________________ (Gerry Patterson) Coercive Behaviors (Whining, Complaining) Are _______________________________ Aggressive Behavior Is Reinforced During Sibling Interactions As Parents Are ___________________ _____________________________ Cognitive Theory (____________) Aggressive Children _________________________ Regarding _____________ Interpersonal Events __________________________________________________, Which Causes Others To Behave More ______________ Toward Them, Further Angering The Already Aggressive Children And Continuing The Cycle Of ______________________

47. Treatment of Conduct Disorder ___________________________(Gerry Patterson) Train Parents To Modify Their Responses To The Child So That Prosocial Rather Than Antisocial Behavior Is Consistently Rewarded _____________________________________ Praising Desired Behaviors �Catch�em Being Good� Parents Are Taught To Use ____________________ Techniques In Response To __________________________ _________________________ Aggressive Children Are Taught To Consider Benign Attributions To Ambiguous Interpersonal Interactions Aggressive Children Are Taught To ___________________ (�Just Walk Away�) That Are To Be Used In Anger-Producing Situations Training In Distraction Techniques ____________________________ Techniques Used By Child During Role Play In Which A Peer Provokes Or Insults Him

48. Separation Anxiety Disorder Developmental Considerations _________________________________ Diagnostic Criteria For SAD _______________________ ________________________________________ Concerning Separation From Home Or Primary Caretakers For At Least 4 Weeks Three Or More Of The Following Eight Symptoms (_________) Recurrent Excessive Distress When Separation From Home Or Caretakers Is Anticipated ___________________________________________________ Worry That __________________, Such As A Kidnapping, Will Cause _______________________ ________________________________, Such As School, Because Of ______________________ From Caretakers _________________________ Or Without The Caretakers Reluctance Or Refusal To Go To Sleep Without Being Near Caretakers Repeated Nightmares With Separation Theme Repeated Complaints Of ____________________ When Separation From Attachment Figures Is Anticipated

49. Theories of Separation Anxiety Disorder Biological _____________ The Rate Of Panic D/O In The_______________________ With SAD __________ Than The Rate Of Panic D/O In The General Population ______________________________________________________ Psychological ________________ _________________ Of Unexpected Separation Modeling (_________________) _____________ Modeled By Parents Regarding Separation ______________________________ ________________________ By Attachment Figures e.g., ___________________________

50. Treatment Of Separation Anxiety Disorder Behavioral Treatments _____________________ _____________________ Modeling Contingency Management __________________________ Punishment For _________________ Teach Child To React More Competently To _________ _________________________________ Cognitive Treatments Positive Statements ______________________ �_________________� �I Can Sleep In My Room By Myself� ____________________ To Address Family Member Behaviors That May Be Maintaining The Separation Anxiety