Reproduction and Heredity

1. Reproduction and Heredity The Endocrine System

2. What is the Endocrine System • The endocrine system regulates long-term changes in the body. • Growth • Development • It also controls many of your body’s daily activities. • Use of energy from meals • Response to stress

3. Endocrine System • The endocrine system is made up of a group of organs, called endocrine glands.

4. Endocrine Glands • Endocrine glands produces and releases chemical substances that signal changes in other parts of the body. • They release substances directly into the bloodstream, which the blood then carries those substances throughout the body.

5. Hormones • A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland is known as a hormone. • Each hormone has a specific function and specific “targets” in the body. • A hormone will turn on, turn off, speed up or slow down the activity of the targeted cell. • Example: targets of the hormone adrenaline include cells in your heart, muscles, and brain. Adrenaline causes a faster heartbeat, tensing of the muscles, and increased alertness. (fight/flight response)

6. Functions of Endocrine Glands • Each of your endocrine glands plays a specific, important role in your body. • The endocrine glands include: • Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland • Thyroid gland • Parathyroid gland • Thymus gland • Adrenal glands • Pancreas • Reproductive glands

7. Hypothalamus • Located in the brain, part of both the nervous and endocrine systems. • Produces a class of hormones called “releasing hormones”, which signal the release of hormones from another region of the brain. • Example: nerve signals from the hypothalamus control body temperature and feelings of sleep and hunger.

8. Pituitary Gland • Located in the brain. (pea sized gland) • Controls many of your body’s functions • Growth (from infancy to adulthood) • Reproduction • Metabolism (process in which you obtain energy from food)

9. Reproductive Glands • In males the reproductive glands consists of two testes and in females two ovaries. • Puberty begins when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to begin producing two hormones, which signal the reproductive glands to produce sex hormones.

10. Other Endocrine Glands • Thyroid Gland: Overall metabolic rate and controls calcium. • Pituitary Gland: Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism. • Parathyroid Gland: regulates minerals that are necessary for proper bone and tooth formation • Thymus Gland: Help immune system develop • Adrenal Glands: Release the hormone adrenaline • Pancreas: Controls sugar levels in the blood

11. What Did She Just Say???? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fh2HmdxQjQ

12. Review • What roles does the endocrine system play in the body? • What is a hormone? Explain how hormones reach the cells where they have their effect. • List the glands of the endocrine system. • How is the onset of puberty related to the endocrine system?

13. Male Reproductive System

14. Sperm • Sperm begins when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release two hormones: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). • The ejection of semen from the penis is called ejaculation. Usually a white milky looking substance. • Semen exits the body through the urethra. • Several million sperm cells are released during one ejaculation. • Sperm carry the X or Y chromosome to determine sex of child. • Sperm not ejaculated will eventually degenerate, and the body disposes them. • Sperm can live in the female 3-5 days depending on the condition. • On a dry surface sperm die once they have dried out. • Webmd.com

15. Sperm: Male Reproductive sex cells • In the head of the sperm there are 23 chromosomes, which is your DNA. • Sperm cell unites with egg and fertilization takes place • NO SPERM = NO DNA needed for reproduction

16. Infertility • The condition of being unable to reproduce. • The inability to produce healthy sperm or the production of too few sperm. • Impotence is the inability to achieve and maintain an erection • Exposure to certain chemicals • Having mumps after puberty • Having an undescended testis. • Alcohol has been linked to damaged sperm and reduced sperm count. • Narcotics has been shown to disrupt normal hormone production, lower sperm count, increase amount of abnormal sperm. • Marijuana linked to reduction in sperm count and seminal fluid. Sperm has problems swimming and fertilizing an egg

17. Steroid Use • Risks for Guys • Specific risks for guys include: • testicular shrinkage • pain when urinating • breast development • impotence (inability to get an erection) • sterility (inability to have children) • ( http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/drugs/steroids.html# Source)

18. Keeping Healthy Males • Cleanliness • Sexual Abstinence • Protection from Trauma • Self-Exams • 1/3 of testicular cancer occurs in teens and young men. • Medical Checkups • Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death

19. Female Reproductive System

20. OVA: Reproductive Cell • Reproductive cells for females • Eggs are produced in the ovaries • The ovaries also produce the female sex hormones estrogen (breast development and maturation of eggs) and progesterone ( activates changes to women's reproductive system before and during pregnancy). • Once a month ovulation occurs which is when the ovaries release a mature egg. • In the days before ovulation the hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus to build up it’s lining with extra blood and tissue. (This happens to prepare the uterus for pregnancy)

21. Fallopian tubes • Carries eggs away from ovaries. • If sperm are present around the egg, it can be fertilized. • The fallopian tubes are where fertilization usually occurs.

22. Uterus • The fertilized egg can develop and grow. • The base of the uterus is the cervix. The cervix will expand to allow the baby to pass through during the birthing process. • Cervical cancer is detected with a pap smear that should be done yearly at the OB. • The lining of the uterus that is shed during menstruation is called the endometrium.

23. Vagina • AKA: Birth Canal • This is where sperm enter, and this is where the baby passes out of the body. • The walls are VERY elastic, which allows it to expand during childbirth.

24. Menstrual Cycle • Ovary releases mature egg. • Average cycle lasts 28 days • Occurs each month from puberty until menopause. • Menopause the ovaries no longer release mature eggs. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkLUA05ExHA&feature=related

25. 4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle • Phase 1: Follicular • Lining of uterus grows • Phase 2: Ovulation • Egg is released into the fallopian tube • Phase 3: Luteal • Estrogen and progesterone increase to prepare for pregnancy begins day 14 of your cycle and ends on day 1. (Day 1 is the first day of your period) • Phase 4: Menstrual • Body expels the extra lining of the endometrium, and the unfertilized egg.

26. The Menstrual Cycle • Days 1-4 uterine lining is shed • Days 5-13 egg matures in one of the ovaries and uterine lining thickens • Days 14-15 ovary releases mature egg during ovulation *most fertile • Days 16-22 egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus • Days 23-28 the unfertilized egg enters uterus

27. Menstrual Discomfort • Dramatic hormonal changes before menstruation begins. (PMS) • PMS is premenstrual syndrome. • Symptoms can include • Bloating • Mood swings • Weight gain • Anxiety • Fatigue • Ways to cope • Exercise (remember the uterus is a muscle) • Proper hygiene (warm water will relax the muscle) • Diet (decrease caffeine, salt, and sugar)

28. Toxic Shock Syndrome • Rare but serious medical condition associated with tampon use. • Caused be bacterial infection • If you experience any the following symptoms seek medical help. • Symptoms • Sudden high fever • Rash • Vomiting • Diarrhea • dizziness

30. Keeping healthy • Cleanliness • Sexual Abstinence • Prompt treatment for infection • Some infections are not related to sexual behavior. Vaginitis, is an infection caused by yeast, bacteria, or other microorganisms. Symptoms are: thick discharge, odors, vaginal itching, and burning during urination. • Self exams • Medical checkups • Pap smear • Mammorgram

31. Steroid Use • Risks for Girls • Specific risks for girls associated with anabolic steroids include: • increased facial hair growth • development of masculine traits, such as deepening of the voice, and loss of feminine body characteristics, such as shrinking of the breasts • enlargement of the clitoris • menstrual cycle changes • (Source: http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/drugs/steroids.html# )

32. Heredity • Chromosomes • Tiny structures found within cells that carry information about the characteristics that you will inherit. Contain 23 PAIRS, 46 in all. Sperm contain ½ and the egg contain ½ . • Genes • This is a section of the chromosome that determines or affects a characteristic or trait. Hereditary information passes from one generation to the next through genes, that a person receives from their parent. • Traits • Dominate • Recessive

33. Heredity and disease • Genetic disorders • Inheritance of an abnormal gene or chromosome. • Down syndrome is the result of too few or too many chromosomes. • Cystic fibrosis: recessive you need the gene from both parents • Huntington’s disease: dominate traits only need one gene. • Diseases with a genetic link • The genes don’t necessary cause the disease, but will increase risk. Breast cancer • Effect of environment and behavior • Medical advances • Genetic testing • Gene therapy: replacing the defective copy with a healthy copy of the gene.