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Employment Decisions

Employment Decisions. David Levinson. Job Search. Formal Processes (information networks) Informal Processes (social networks). Social Networks. Traditional Networks Formal Social Networks Informal Networks. animal rights groups charities

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Employment Decisions

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  1. Employment Decisions David Levinson

  2. Job Search • Formal Processes (information networks) • Informal Processes (social networks)

  3. Social Networks • Traditional Networks • Formal Social Networks • Informal Networks

  4. animal rights groups charities civic, fraternal, service, and professional organizations companies employer associations environmental organizations humanitarian and peace organizations interfaith organizations international organizations intellectual property organizations magical organizations political parties postal organizations professional sports leagues religions research institutes self-help organizations terrorist groups trade unions youth organizations Non-profit organization Traditional Social Networks: Organizations

  5. 1 Agricultural Organizations 2 Civic and Political Organizations 3 Consumer Organizations 4 Fraternal and Service Organisations 5 Environmental Organizations 6 Ethnic Organizations 6.1 African-American 6.2 Finnish-American 6.3 Greek-American 6.4 Hispanic-American 6.5 Italian-American 6.6 Jewish-American 6.7 Norwegian-American 6.8 Polish-American 7 Hereditary & Lineage Organizations 8 Men's Organizations 9 Recreational Organizations 10 Religious Organizations 11 Women's Organizations 12 Veterans' Organizations 13 Youth Organizations 14 Professional Organizations Civic organizations

  6. Aid Association of Lutherans Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine American Association of University Professors Ancient Order of Foresters Ancient Order of United Workmen Apex Canadian Order for Home Circles Chautauqua Institute Civitan Dramatic Order Knights of Khorassan Eagles Eastern Star Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks Fraternal Forestry Freemasonry Hull House Independent Order of Foresters Jaycees Kiwanis Knights of the Golden Eagle Knights of the Maccabees Knights of Pythias Ku Klux Klan Lions Clubs International Masons Modern Brotherhood of America Moose Lodge Improved Order of Red Men Odd Fellows National Haymakers Association Fraternal and Service Organizations • Optimists • Orange OrderOrder of Scottish Clans • Quota • Red Cross • Rotary International • Royal Neighbors of America • Royal Templars of Temperance • Ruritan • Samaritans • Shriners • Native Sons of the Golden West • Twilight Club • Volunteers of America • Woodsmen of the World

  7. Strength of Weak Ties • Granovetter found that most people find jobs through personal contacts. • [How did you find most recent job?]

  8. Social Networks

  9. Social Networks 2

  10. Friend-nets Friendster Orkut Tribe.net SixDegrees (offline) Business-nets LinkedIn Ryze (offline) ecademy • FriendSurfer • FriendFinder • Friendsync • Everyone'sConnected • Ringo • MySpace • NetPlaya • Yafro • Hi5 • Huminity • Pal Junction • Chia Friend • Buddy Bridge • Tickle • Eurekster • Friendzy • Friends of Friends • Impersonals • Hipstir • Friendity.de • Squiby • Spoke • Zero Degrees • INWYK Next Generation Social Networks

  11. Job Search Sites: Formal Search with New Technology • Monster.com • Yahoo! HotJobs • CareerBuilder • Etc.

  12. Instant Messaging • Unix Talk • IRC • ICQ • Yahoo • AOL: AIM • MSN

  13. Question: What does physical proximity have the web doesn’t? Question: What does the web have that physical proximity doesn’t? Will the Web Replace Place?

  14. Factors that Affect Job Choice • Knowledge of job • Match with skills • Match with desires • Wage • Location

  15. Journey to Work Time and Home Value by Ring

  16. Gravity Model • Hypothesis: The interaction between two places decreases with distance, but increases with the size of the two places. • There is more interaction between Minneapolis and St. Paul than Minneapolis and Chicago, despite the fact that Chicago is bigger. • Similarly there is more interaction between Minneapolis and Chicago than Minneapolis and Los Angeles. • However, there is more interaction between Minneapolis and Los Angeles than Minneapolis and Las Vegas, despite the fact that Las Vegas is closer.

  17. Illustration of Gravity Model

  18. Tij  =  KiKj Oi Dj f(Cij) Where Tij = Trips from i to j Oi = Productions of trips at origin i Dj = Productions of trips at destination j Ki, Kj = balancing factors solved iteratively Gravity Math

  19. f(Cij) • For auto: • For transit: Where: • Cija = peak hour auto travel time between zones i and j; and • Cijt = peak hour transit travel time between zones i and j.

  20. Testing the Gravity Model • It is hypothesized that living in an area with relatively high jobs accessibility is associated with shorter trips, as is working in an area of relatively high housing accessibility. • (the doubly-constrained gravity model)

  21. Data • MWCOG Household Travel Survey (1987-88) • 8,000 households and 55,000 trips • Accessibility Measures

  22. Jobs and Housing Accessibility and Commuting Duration In the gravity model implicitly being tested here, average commute to work time is determined by three factors: 1) a propensity (choices) function which relates willingness to travel with travel cost or time, (individual demand) 2) the opportunities (chances) available at any given distance or time from the origin, (market “supply”) and 3) the number of competing workers. (market demand) Propensity = f ( tij , Income, Mode, Gender... ) It is hypothesized that this underlying preference is relatively undifferentiated based solely on location.

  23. Geographic Factors 1) distance between the home and the center of the region (Di0) (the zero mile marker at the ellipse in front of the White House), 2) distance between workplace and the center (Dj0), 3) accessibility to jobs from the home (AiE), 4) accessibility to other houses from the home (AiR), 5) accessibility to other jobs from the workplace (AjE), 6) and accessibility to houses from workplace (AjR).

  24. Chart 1: Summary Hypotheses Trip-End Home-End Work-End (Origin) (Destination) ------------------------------------------------------------ Accessibility AiE AjE to Jobs negative positive Accessibility AiR AjR to Houses positive negative Distance Di0 Dj0 from Center positive negative

  25. Elasticities of Travel Time with respect to Accessibility

  26. Dependent Variable: Travel Time to Work

  27. Conclusions • Location matters, important explanatory variable, but • Ignores self-selection process - creating more high density housing won’t create more young or old who wish to live in those high density urban areas. • Information matters, people can’t take a job they don’t know about. • Social networks, both formal and informal, provide information informal • People choose to join and participate in networks they are rewarded for • Informat networks and placeless networks are rising compared with older place-based formal networks (Rotary, Lions Clubs, etc.) • Other formal informationnetworks: traditional and new media (classifieds, job search sites) remain important. • Where you work relative to where you live will determine how much peak travel you undertake, and thus is critical in understanding travel demand.

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