Dolžnosti K

1. Dolžnosti K

2. Dolžnosti K • Sprejeti blago • Čimprej pregledati blago • P v primernem roku obvestiti o morebitnih napakah • Drugače K izgubi pravico sklicevati se na napake (čl. 39/1 DK)

3. Specializirane organizacije • Société Génerale de Surveillance S.A. Ženeva, •  Cargo Superintendents Ltd., London, •  Superintendence Co. Inc. New York, •  Bureau Veritas Pariz.

4. Pre-shipment inspection (PSI) • V mednarodni trgovini vse bolj pomemben • Določene države v razvoju: celo kot pogoj za uvoz • Predvsem vprašanje količine in kakovosti • Možna tudi cenovna kontrola

5. Ali je rok plačila fatalen? • Kontinentalno pravo  NE • A/A pravo  DA • DK (NL)  DA

6. Neizpolnitev/nepravilna izpolnitev • Krivda/rizik dolžnika? • Ne – višja sila • Da - sankcije

7. Višja sila • Višja sila •  Frustration of contract • Impossibility/Impracticability •  DK čl. 79

8. 79 DK • (1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.

9. Višja sila/Frustration • razlog, neizpolnitve izhaja iz sfere, ki je izven nadzora stranke • nemožnost • nepredvidljivost • Kdo nosi dokazno breme?

10. Nemožnost • Dejanska ‘nemožnost’ • Pravna nemožnost

11. Dejanska nemožnost • Uničenje predmeta (Caldwell v. Taylor) • Smrt, poškodba, bolezen • Izpolnitev izgubi smisel

12. Primeri • Krell v. Henry,1903 • Herne Bay Co. v. Hutton, 1903 • Amalgamated Investment v. Walker 1976

13. The Eugenia, 1964 (Denning) »If it should happen in the course of carrying out of a contract that a fundamentally different situation arises for which the parties have made no provision – so much so that it would not be just in the new situation to hold them bound to its terms, then a contract is at an end.«

14. Paal Wilson v. Paartenreederij 1982 »There are two essential requirements. The first (…) some outside event or extraneous change of situation not foreseen or provided for by the parties at he time of contracting, which either makes it impossible for the contract to be performed at all, or at least renders its performance something radically different from what the parties contemplated when they entered into it. [Second] the outside event or extraneous change of situation, and the consequences of either in relation to the performance of the contract, must have occurred without the fault or default of either party to the contract.”

15. Intertradex v. Lesieur, 1978 (Denning) • »... in a way which the trade would consider to be proper and reasonable...«

16. Pravna nemožnost • Prepovedi uvoza ali izvoza Sensor* • Vladne prepovedi glede državnih podjetij Rolimpex • Uvozna in izvozna dovoljenja, kvote • Klavzule: »… subject to licence/subject to quota

17. Nepredvidljivost • Tatem v. Gamboa, 1939 • Charlson v. Warner, 2000

18. Ni krivde/rizika • Maritime national Fish v. Ocean Trawlers • Lauritzen v. Wijsmüller, 1990

19. Učinki višje sile • Razveza pogodbe • Oprostitev odgovornosti

20. Klavzula o višji sili • Namen klavzule? • Nedoločene klavzule • ‘običajna’ klavzula o višji sili (‘theusual force majeure clause’) • ‘subject to force majeure’ • ‘force majeure accepted’ • ‘u.c.e.’ (unforeseen circumstances accepted).

21. Klavzula o višji sili • »Strikes, lockouts, labour disturbances, anomalous working conditions, accidents to machinery, delays en route, polities or restrictions of governments, including restrictions on export or import or other licences, war (whether declared or not) riot, civil disturbances, fire, act of God, or any other contingency whatsoever beyond the control of either party, to be sufficient excuse for any delay or non-performance traceable to any of these causes«.

22. Klavzula o višji sili • Jackson v. United Marine, 1874 • “dangers and accidents of navigation” • The Penelope, 1928 • »delays caused by strike actions« • Kuwait Supply Co. v. Oyster Marine, 1994 • “allowing for unloading under military direction”

23. Spremenjene okoliščine • Spremenjene okoliščine • Clausula rebus sic stantibus • Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage • Imprévision

24. Višja sila in spremenjene okoliščine • VS: nemožnost izpolnitve • SO: izpolnitev možna, samo znatno otežena • SO se samo izjemoma dopušča • Pactasuntservanda

25. “Spremenjene okoliščine” • Davis v. Fareham U.D.C., 1956 • Inflacija • British Movietone-news v. London Cinemas, 1951 • Suez Canal Cases • Tsakiroglou v. Noblee Thorl, 1962 • Transatlantic Financing Corp. v. United States, 1966 (USA)

26. Drugi primeri • Iransko – iraška vojna • Kodros v. Empresa Cubana, 1982 • “charterer obliged to enter safe ports” • Codelfa v. State Rail Authority, 1983 (AUS)

27. Primeri SO • ‘Marka je marka’(NL) • Znižanje pogodbene globe (NL)

28. Hardship • V MP, ki se sklepajo za daljšo dobo • Bistvene spremembe (političnih in/ali ekonomskih) okoliščin • Stranki se zavežeta, da bosta poskusili prilagoditi pogodbo novim razmeram • Največkrat sprememba cen in/ali podaljšanje rokov

29. Hardship »Substantial hardship shall mean if at any time or from time to time during the term of this agreement, without default of the party concerned, there is the occurrence of an intervening event or change of circumstances beyond the said party's control, when acting as a reasonable and prudent operator, such that the consequences and effects of which are fundamentally different from what was contemplated by the parties at the time of entering into this agreement ... the party claiming that it is placed in such a position as aforesaid may by notice request the other for a meeting to determine if said occurrence has happened and, if so, agree upon what, if any, adjustment in the price then in force under this agreement and/or other terms and conditions thereof is justified ...«

30. ICC klavzula o višji sili • Generalna klavzula (1) • Ovira na strani podizvajalca (2) • Seznam primerov (3) • Posledice višje sile (4-9)

31. Generalna klavzula • [1] “ …where a party to a contract fails to perform one or more of its contractual duties, the consequences set out in paragraphs 4 to 9 of this Clause will follow if and to the extent that that party proves: • [a] that its failure to perform was caused by an impediment beyond its reasonable control; and • [b] that it could not reasonably have been expected to have taken the occurrence of the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract; and • [c] that it could not reasonably have avoided or overcome the effects of the impediment.”

32. Primeri • war (whether declared or not), armed conflict or the serious threat of same (including but not limited to hostile attack, blockade; military embargo), hostilities, invasion, act of a foreign enemy, extensive military mobilisation; • civil war, riot rebellion and revolution, military or usurped power, insurrection, civil commotion or disorder, mob violence, act of civil disobedience; • act of terrorism, sabotage or piracy; • act of authority whether lawful or unlawful, compliance with any law or governmental order, rule, regulation or direction, curfew restriction, expropriation, compulsory acquisition, seizure of works, requisition, nationalisation;

33. Primeri • act of God, plague, epidemic, natural disaster such as but not limited to violent storm, cyclone, typhoon, hurricane, tornado, blizzard, earthquake, volcanic activity, landslide, tidal wave, tsunami, flood, damage or destruction by lightning, drought; • explosion, fire, destruction of machines, equipment, factories and of any kind of installation, prolonged break-down of transport, telecommunication or electric current; • general labour disturbance such as but not limited to boycott, strike and lock-out, go-slow, occupation of factories and premises.

34. Razmerje med generalno klavzulo in primeri • Če nastopi kateri od primerov, stranka ni avtomatično oproščena • Dokazno breme se spremeni • a in b se domnevata • c mora stranka dokazati

35. Sankcije v DK • Kupčeve sankcije (čl. 45-52) • Prodajalčeve (čl. 61-65) • Sankcije, ki so na voljo obema strankama (čl. 71-78).

36. Kršitev pogodbe • Bistvena • nebistvena

37. Kupčeve sankcije • Izpolnitveni zahtevek • Zmanjšanje kupnine • Razdor • Odškodnina

38. Izpolnitveni zahtevek • Razlike med kontinentalnimi in A/A pravnimi redi • Common law privilege (28. člen DK)

39. Zmanjšanje kupnine (50 DK) • “If the goods do not conform with the contract and whether or not the price has already been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. However, if the seller remedies any failure to perform his obligations in accordance with article 37 or article 48 or if the buyer refuses to accept performance by the seller in accordance with those articles, the buyer may not reduce the price.”

40. Zmanjšanje kupnine • F: diskrecija sodišča • Formula iz BGB: • Nova cena = • pogodbena cena x vrednost dobavljenega blaga Hipotetična vrednost istovetnega blaga • DK: čas dobave • D: čas sklenitve pogodbe • Nova cena je lahko “0” (OGH 23 Maj 2005, CISG-online 1041).

41. Razdor • Z izjavo stranke • Tožba na razvezo • Razlika? • Conditions in warranties • Innominateterms • Hansa Nord, Cehave NV v. BremerHandelsgesellschaftmbH (1976) 1 Q.B. 44. • DK le če gre za bistveno kršitev (čl. 49 DK) • Kaj je bistvena kršitev?

42. 35 DK “A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.”

43. Razdor • Neizpolnitev v roku ni vedno bistvena kršitev • Primeren dodatni rok (čl. 47/1 DK) • Riziki!!

44. Prodajalčeve sankcije • Izpolnitev pogodbe, • Razdor, • Sestava specifikacije

45. Sankcije P in K • Zadržanje izpolnitve • Razdor zaradi pričakovane kršitve (anticipatory breach) • Odškodnina

46. Pričakovana kršitev - “Anticipatorybreach” • Zadržanje lastne izpolnitve (71 DK) • Enkratna izpolnitev • Sukcesivne dobave • Razdor zaradi pričakovane kršitve (72 DK) – enkratna izpolnitev • Razdor zaradi pričakovane kršitve pogodbe o sukcesivnih dobavah(73 DK)

47. Predpostavke 71/1 DK • resno pomanjkanja sposobnosti, da izpolni pogodbo, • resno pomanjkanja kreditne sposobnosti ali • ravnanje druge stranke (predvsem opustitve).

48. Ni dovolj: • Preklic plačilnega naloga za plačilo dobav s strani kupca ni bilo dovolj (OGH, Februar1998, CISG-online 349) • Delna dobava blaga; • Neistovetnost se je nanašala na blago, dobavljeno po drugi pogodbi. • Neistovetnega je bilo le 420 kg od 22,400 kg. • Dovolj: • K ni plačal blaga; • K je v preteklosti neredno plačeval; • K ni pridobil bančne garancije.

49. Sukcesivne dobave 5 5 1 3 4 2

50. Razdor pogodbe o sukcesivnih dobavah (73DK) • Načeloma samo za tekočo dobavo • Lahko tudi za naprej • Ali celo za nazaj in za naprej