Animation

1. Animation

2. Biochemistry Biochemistry = the chemistry of life Elements - These are single substances which cannot be broken down any more. there are 110 different elements that are known to man.

3. Biochemistry The four most common elements in living things are: 1) Carbon 2) Hydrogen 3) Oxygen 4) Nitrogen Black = Carbon; Yellow = Hydrogen; Red = Oxygen

4. Biochemistry Each element contains atoms. Each atom has a structure which is called the atomic structure. The atomic structure includes: 1) Protons - Positively charged particles 2) Neutrons - Neutral (uncharged) particles 3) Electrons - Negatively charged particles Electrons

5. Biochemistry Each element has a specific number of electrons which are distinctly arranged in the shell First shell - 2 electrons Second shell - 8 electrons A stable atom will have 8 electrons in the outer shell (or, if there's only one shell, a stable atom would have 2 electrons)

6. Biochemistry Is this a stable atom? Why or why not?

7. Biochemistry Compounds - These are two or more elements combined. These elements are bonded together. There are two types of bonds which may be used to link elements together. Molecular model of water. It is a compound because there are three elements bonded together.

8. Biochemistry Ionic Bonding - The atoms transfer the electrons. The atoms acquire a charge and then become ions.

9. Biochemistry Covalent Bonding - The elements share atoms to form a molecule.

10. Biochemistry Formula - A formula shows the ratio of elements, or the structure of the compounds. There are two types of formulas: 1) Empirical Formula - This shows the symbols of the elements, followed by a numerical subscript which identifies the ratio of the atoms. Ex: H2O means there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (if nothing is written after the letter, it is understood that there is only one there).

11. Biochemistry H2O2= two hydrogen and two oxygen How many of each is in a molecule of sugar? C6H12O6 6 Carbon 12 Hydrogen 6 Oxygen

12. Biochemistry Structural Formula - This formula shows how the atoms are arranged (its structure!!). For example, sugar C6H12O6 looks like this.

13. Biochemistry Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula C6 H12O6, but they have different structural formulas

14. Biochemistry Inorganic Compounds - These do not contain both carbon and hydrogen. They may contain one or the other, but they don't contain both. Examples of inorganic compounds: Water - H2O Acids - HCl Salts - NaCl Bases - NaOH CO2 *** Water is essential for life functions of cells. It is a solvent for other substances to dissolve in. Most chemical reactions occur only in water solutions

15. Biochemistry Organic compounds - These are formed in nature by activities of living organisms. ***They always contain both carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is special because it can form 4 covalent bonds while most others can only form 2 bonds. Therefore, it can form long chains and rings. Count the number of bonds to carbon

17. Biochemistry There are 4 major kinds of organic compounds found in living things: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Lipids (Fats) 4) Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates - These are compounds that are made up of C, H & O. The elements are usually in a ratio of 2(H) : 1(O) Ex: C6H12O6 12:6 = 2:1

18. Biochemistry There are 3 types of carbohydrates: A) Monosaccharides Mono = 1 B) Disaccharides Di = 2 C) Polysaccharides Poly = 3 or more A) Monosaccharides These are simple sugars. They usually end in the letters "ose" - glucose, fructose, galactose etc. These have the molecular formula of C6H12O6

19. Biochemistry B) Disaccharides - These are carbohydrates made up of 2 simple sugars put together. Ex: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose Sucrose is two glucose molecules put together

20. Biochemistry If you put two glucose molecules together (C6H12O6), how many C's H's and O's should you have Actually, the formula is C12H22O11 Why?

21. Biochemistry 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen are missing - in order to put these two molecules together, a water molecule must be taken out. This process is called dehydration synthesis (dehydration = lose water) (synthesis = put together)

22. Biochemistry Animation of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

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25. Biochemistry Hydrolysis - This is the opposite process of dehydration synthesis. It is when you add water to a compound and the compounds separate (break down) Hydro = water Lysis = break up

26. Biochemistry Polysaccharaides: These are carbohydrates made up of many sugar units synthesized into long chains called polymers. The units may be the same, or they may be different. Examples: starches, cellulose etc.

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28. Biochemistry Proteins - Proteins contain C, H, O, and N. They may also contain sulfur. They are used to make cell structures such as the membrane as well as other things *** All enzymes are proteins!! *** Many hormones are proteins

29. Biochemistry The units which make up proteins are called amino acids. You will learn this also as "the building blocks of proteins" An amino acid has two distinct parts: 1) an amino group 2) a carboxyl group O H N H - C OH Amino Group Carboxyl Group COOH

30. Biochemistry Every amino acid has both of these groups (amino group and carboxyl group). However, each amino acid is different by what is between the two groups. The different group in the middle vary, and are represented by the letter "R"

35. Biochemistry A protein consists of many of these amino acid units linked together. They are linked together (synthesized) by the process of???????? __________________ Dehydration Synthesis

36. Dehydration Synthesis of a protein Dipeptide (AKA: Protein)

37. Biochemistry Polypeptide (AKA: Protein)

38. Biochemistry A protein with many amino acids linked together AKA: Polypeptide

39. Biochemistry A protein has 1 or more chains of amino acids. They may be folded, twisted or coiled.

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42. Biochemistry Lipids - These are fats and oils (ask me about a fat lip) Lipids are made of C, H< O, but are in a different ratio than carbohydrates. The H:O ratio is greater than 2:1 lipids are used for: 24:2 12:1 C12H24O2 H:O Ratio Carbohydrate Lipid 2:1 >2:1 1) Stored Energy 2) Cell Structures (cell membranes) 3) Cushioning Organs

43. Biochemistry A lipid consists of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids

44. Biochemistry A lipid is made by the process of dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule. Fluid- Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane

45. Biochemistry Enzymes - ALL enzymes are proteins!!! Enzymes control chemical reactions. They help the reactions to occur, but they are not changed or used up in the reaction!!! Therefore, they can be used over and over again (although, eventually, they do break down (disintegrate) over time). ***Enzymes are classified as catalysts. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a reaction, but are not changed.

46. Biochemistry Structure of Enzymes: 1) They are proteins - so they are made up of? ____ Amino acids!! 2) They may have a non-protein coat called a co-enzyme The coenzyme helps the enzyme function properly and without it, some enzymes may not be able to function at all. Vitamins act as coenzymes. 3) Enzymes have an active site. This is where enzyme action occurs. The enzymes are usually bigger than the molecules that they act upon.

47. Biochemistry 4) Enzyme-substrate complex - The enzyme forms a temporary association with the substances whose reaction it controls. Active Site The point where contact is made is called the active site The substance acted upon is called the substrate After the reaction is over, the enzyme separates from the substrate and may be used elsewhere.

48. Biochemistry Which is the enzyme and which is the substrate? How do you know? What kind of reaction is this? The enzyme does not get changed in this reaction - therefore it is the green one. Another clue is that it is bigger than the substrate. This is a hydrolysis reaction because the substrate is being broken down