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SISTEM INFORMASI. PRODUKSI. Chapter Outline. 13.1 Planning for and Justifying IT Aplications 13.2 Strategies for Acquiring IT Applications 13.3 The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle 13.4 Alternative Methods and Tools for Systems Development.
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SISTEM INFORMASI PRODUKSI
Chapter Outline 13.1 Planning for and Justifying IT Aplications 13.2 Strategies for Acquiring IT Applications 13.3 The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle 13.4 Alternative Methods and Tools for Systems Development
13.1 Planning for and Justifying ITAplications • Organizations must analyze the need for applications and then justify each purchase in termsof costs and benefits. • The need for information systems is usually related to organizationalplanning and to the analysis of its performance • Application portfolio:The set of recommended applications resulting from the planning and justification process in application development.vis its competitors.
IT Planning • The planning process for new IT applications begins with an analysis of the organizational strategic plan, which is illustrated in Figure 13.1. • The IT strategic plan is a set of long-range goals that describe the IT infrastructure and identify the major IT initiatives needed to achieve the organization's goals.
Three objectives:The IT strategic plan • 1. It must be aligned with the organization’s strategic plan. This alignment is critical becausethe organization’s information systems must support the organization’s strategies. • 2. It must provide for an IT architecture that seamlessly networks users, applications, and databases. • 3. It must efficiently allocate IS development resources among competing projects so the projectscan be completed on time and within budget and still have the required functionality.
Elementns of IS operational plan • Mission: The mission of the IS function (derived from the IT strategy) • IS environment: A summary of the information needs of the functional areas and of the organization as a whole • Objectives of the IS function: The best current estimate of the goals of the IS function • Constraints on the IS function: Technological, fi nancial, personnel, and other resourcelimitations on the IS function • The application portfolio: A prioritized inventory of present applications and a detailed planof projects to be developed or continued during the current year • Resource allocation and project management: A listing of how and when who is going to do what
13.3. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle • The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional systems development methodthat organizations use for large-scale IT projects. • The SDLC is a structured framework thatconsists of sequential processes by which information systems are developed
Identify six processes • Systems investigation • Systems analysis • Systems design • Programming and testing • Implementation • Operation and maintenance
Advantages and Disadvantages of System Acquisition Methods Table (13.2) • Traditional Systems Development (SDLC) • Joint Application Design • Rapid Application Development • End-User Development
Joint Application Design • Joint application design (JAD) is a group-based tool for collecting user requirements and creating system designs. It is most often used within the systems analysis and systems design stages of the SDLC. JAD involves a group meeting attended by the analysts and all of the users that can be conducted either in person or through the computer. During this meeting, all users jointly define and agree on the systems requirements. This process saves a tremendous amount of time.
Agile Development • Agile development is a software-development methodology that delivers functionality in rapiditerations, which are usually measured in weeks. To be successful, this methodology requiresfrequent communication, development, testing, and delivery. Agile development focuses onrapid development and frequent user contact to create software that addresses the needs of business users. • One type of agile development uses the scrum approach. A key principle of scrum isthat during a project users can change their minds about what they want and need. Scrumbased on collaboration team, incremental product and iteration process
End-user development • End-user development is an approach in which the organization’s end users develop their ownapplications with little or no formal assistance from the IT department.
Tools that augmentdevelopment methods • The prototyping approach defines an initial list of user requirements, builds a model ofthe system, and then improves the system in several iterations based on users’ feedback. • Integrated computer-aided software engineering (ICASE) combines upper CASE tools(automate systems investigation, analysis, and design) and lower CASE tools (programming, testing, operation, and maintenance). • Component-based development uses standard components to build applications. Componentsarereusable applications that generally have one specific function, such as ashopping cart, user authentication, or a catalog. • Object-oriented development begins with the aspects of the real world that must be modeledto perform that task. Systems developers identify the objects in the new system.Each object represents a tangible, real-world entity, such as a customer, bank account,student, or course. Objects have properties, or data values. Objects also contain theoperations that can be performed on their properties.
