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Plant Anatomy

Plant Anatomy. Presented by Brennan Hyden. Parts of plants. Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Fruit. Root functions. To absorb water and nutrients To anchor the plant in the ground or onto a tree or rock In some cases to store water and nutrients In some cases to perform photosynthesis.

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Plant Anatomy

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  1. Plant Anatomy Presented by Brennan Hyden

  2. Parts of plants Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Fruit

  3. Root functions • To absorb water and nutrients • To anchor the plant in the ground or onto a tree or rock • In some cases to store water and nutrients • In some cases to perform photosynthesis

  4. Root Growth Regions Root cap protects root as it is going down through the soil Area of cell division contains the meristem which is responsible for manufacturing new cells Area of cell elongation is where new cells stretch and push the root down Area of cell differentiation is where cells differentiate into there separate functions

  5. Root Interior Dicotyledon root Root hairs absorb water into root Water and nutrients then pass through the epidermis, outer cortex, endodermis, and inner cortex Water finally enters the xylem where it is carried up to the upper part of the plant The phloem is located in bundles outside the xylem where it carries sugars and nutrients down to the root cells In between the xylem and the phloem is the cambium which contains undifferentiated tissue and creates new xylem and phloem Monocotyledon Root

  6. Elements needed by plants • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Carbon • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Potassium • Magnesium • Calcium • Sulfur • Chlorine • Iron • Maganese • Colbalt • Copper • Zinc • Molybdenum

  7. Stem functions • To transport nutrients to and from the roots, leaves, flowers, fruit, and other stems • In some cases to store water and nutrients • In some cases to perform photosynthesis

  8. Types of stems • Vertical stems • Bulbs such as onions, garlic, tulips, and lilies • Tubers such as potatos • Rhizomes such as grasses, iris, and orchids • Corms such as crocus • stolons such as in strawberries

  9. Stem Interior • Stems have very similar anatomy to roots except that they do not have an endodermis and all of their vascular tissue is arranged in bundles

  10. Woody Stems • In dicotyledons and gymnosperms that form woody stems, the cambium will connect to form a ring. This cambium then makes more vascular tissue forming a tree’s first ring • The next year the cambium will create another layer of xylem and phloem, the xylem will form the second ring and the phloem will be pushed out and as a result not form a ring

  11. Leaf functions • To perform photosynthesis • In some cases to store water and nutrients

  12. Leaf Interior

  13. Specialized leaves • Bracts • Stipules • Spines • Tendrils

  14. Flowers

  15. Fruits • Fruits usually form after a flower is successfully pollinated. Fruits are responsible for carrying the seeds and protecting them until they are mature, they usually take several months to mature

  16. Types of Fruit • Drupes • Pomes • Berrys • Aggretate fruits • Compound fruits • Achenes • Nuts • Capsules • Pods • Caryopsis

  17. Ways of propagating plants • Seeds • Division of rhizomes • Seperating or slicing corms and bulbs • Dividing tubers • Seperating runners • Stem and tip cuttings • Leaf cuttings • Root cuttings • Seperatinggemmae • Tissue culture

  18. Seeds • Seeds are generally the only way of sexual reproduction from plants • Seeds originate from the ovules in the flower after pollination and are carried in the fruit in angiosperms • In the wild seeds are usually germinated in the soil

  19. Division of rhizomes • Grasses, orchids, strawberries, iris, and calla lilies all have rhizomes • Rhizomes naturally branch and produce new growths or plants • Rhizome branches and sections can be cut apart or seperated to produce new plants

  20. Corms and bulbs • Narcissus, tulipia, and lilium grow from bulbs, crocus and gladiolus grow from corms • Corms and bulbs naturally produce tiny lateral corms and bulblets that produce separate plants • Corms an bulbs can be sliced into sections and treated with fungicide and they will produce new plants

  21. Dividing Tubers • Potatoes and cyclamen grow from stem tubers • Sweet potatoes, daylilies, dahlias, and yams grow from root tubers • Tubers can produce multiple shoots or sometimes smaller lateral tubers, these can be cut apart or seperated to produce new plants

  22. Seperating runners • Strawberries and spider plants produce runners on specialized stems called stolons • Once these runners get roots they can be cut away from the mother plant and planted on their own

  23. Stem and tip cuttings • Wandering jews, jade plants, willows, some orchids and, many members of the Euphorbiacea and Crassulaceae families can be propagated using tip cuttings • Cuttings are taken from the stem with at least two to three node from which roots and new shoots will emerge

  24. Leaf cuttings • Begonias, jade plants, and many members of the crassulaceae family can be propagated using leaf cuttings • New plants may emerge from the leaf axil, or another part of the leaf depending on the type of plant

  25. Root cuttings • Some plants can be propagated using root cuttings • Taking root cuttings involves taking a section of the root, new roots and shoots will emerge from the cambium in the root.

  26. Gemmae • Gemmae are small buds that are produced on some plants such as pingulas which will naturally “pop” off and grow into a new plant

  27. Tissue culture • Tissue culture is a recent discovery of a way to propagate plants asexually • This method can produce thousands of clones from a single plant • There are several ways of performing tissue culture which involve using meristems, protoplasts, embryos and microspores • The tissue is undifferentiated and is introduced to auxins to promote root growth and cytokinins to promote shoot growth

  28. Ways plants grow • Terrestrial • Semi-Terrestrial • Lithophytic • Epiphytic • Aquatic

  29. Terrestrial • Terrestrial plants are plants that grow with their roots in soil • Terrestrial plants exist in every major biome • Most plants in tundra, alpine, taiga, temperate grassland, and scrubland are terrestrial

  30. Semi-Terrestrial • These are also called quasi-terrestrials • Semi-terrestrial plants grow with their roots on top of the soil • Semi-terrestrials typically only exist in wet, warm areas like tropical rainforests

  31. Lithophytes • Lithophytes grow with their roots on rocks • Lithophytes grow in tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests, and sometimes in deciduous forests taiga and tropical savvanna

  32. Epiphytes • Epiphytes grow with their roots on trees • Epiphytes are NOT parasites generally • Orchids typically grow in tropical rainforests but some can be found in tropical savanna, temperate rainforests, deciduous forests, and taiga

  33. Aquatic plants • Aquatic plants grow with their roots or the entire plant in the water • Auquatic plants exist in every major biome except alpine and tundra

  34. Other ways plants obtain nutrients • Carnivorus plants • Mycoheterotrophs • Hemiparasites • holoparasites

  35. Carnivorus plants • Consume insects and other small animals • Photosynthesize • Includes dionea, saracenia, darlingtonia, nepenthes, utricularia, pingula, drosera, and heliamorpha

  36. mycoheterotrophs • Rely on fungi for food • May or may not photosynthesize • Often live underground • Many temperate orchids are mycoheterotrophic or partially mycoheterotrophic

  37. hemiparasites • Photosynthesize • Obtain some of their nutrients from other plants

  38. holoparasites • Obtain all of their nutrients from a host plant • Often times they consist of only haustoria • Includes hydnora africana, rafflesia, and cascutta

  39. Noxious weeds • Linariavulgaris • Heriaciumauriantiacum • Hypericumperforatum • Silybummarianum • Berteroaincana • Cynoglossumofficinale • CentaureaStoebe • Verbascumthapsus

  40. Linaria vulgaris • Commonly called the yellow toadflax • Native to europe and northern asia • Perrenial • 15-90 cm high • Blooms mid summer to mid autumn

  41. Heriacum auriantiacum • Commonly called hawkweed • Grows up to 60 cm in height • Native to central and southern Europe

  42. Hypericum perforatum • Commonly called St. Johns wort • Blooms in summer • 30-100 cm in hieght

  43. Silybum marianum • Commonly called thistle • Can be an annual or a biennial • 40-100 cm tall • Flowers from June to August • Native to southeast england

  44. Berteroa incana • Commonly called hoary alyssum • Can be an annual, biennial, or short lived perennial • Native to europe

  45. Cynoglossum officinale • Commonly called houndstounge or gypsy flower • Can be an annual or biennial • Blooms from may to September • Native to Europe

  46. Centaurea stoebe • Commonly called knapweed • Native to Europe • Short lived perennial • About 1 metre in height

  47. Verbascum thapsus • Commonly called mullen • Native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa • Biennial

  48. Native plants • Calypso bulbosa • Cypripedium montanum • Liliumcolumbianum • Anemone multifida • Dodecatheonconjugens • Viola glabella • Frasuraalbicalus • Balsamorhizasagittata • Claytonia lanceolata • Erythroniumgrandiflorum

  49. Calypso bulbosa • Commonly called fairy slipper • Is a native orchid • 10-14 cm high • Bloom from may to June • Have only one leaf • If you encounter this orchid do not step any closer that one metre

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