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Proximal function of anger for ingroup-favouritism

Ingroup-outgroup behaviour. Ingroup-outgroup behaviour based on ethnic markers has played an important role throughout human evolution. Intergroup conflict and warfare. Ethnic-like groups not gender or age groups.Intergroup conflicts: generally started by males (Chagnon, 1983; van der Dennen, 199

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Proximal function of anger for ingroup-favouritism

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    1. Proximal function of anger for ingroup-favouritism Thomas V. Pollet

    2. Ingroup-outgroup behaviour Ingroup-outgroup behaviour based on ethnic markers has played an important role throughout human evolution

    3. Intergroup conflict and warfare Ethnic-like groups not gender or age groups. Intergroup conflicts: generally started by males (Chagnon, 1983; van der Dennen, 1995; Low, 2000) Tactics of raids and coalitionary killing in chimpanzees (Manson & Wrangham, 1991) and humans (Milner, 1999; van der Dennen, 1995)

    4. Evolutionary explanations Ethnic nepotism (van den Berghe, 1981/1999) Focuses on ultimate question

    5. What about the proximate level? What particular situations enhance/inhibit ingroup-outgroup behavour: Coalition-relevant primes elicit ingroup favouritism (Navarrete, 2005; Navarrete & Fessler, 2005) Disgust increases ingroup favouritism (Park et al. 2003; Faulkner et al., 2004; Navarrete & Fessler, 2006) What about function of anger?

    6. Emotions Anger increases implicit ingroup bias/ stereotyping (Bodenhausen et al.,1994 DeSteno et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2001) Focus on valence, congruency,... Typically explained: processing style rather than specific function (Kuppens, 2005; DeSteno et al. 2004)

    7. Function of emotions Evolutionary perspective: ‘Gut feelings’ provide information about the environment (Damasio, 1994, 1996; Forgas, 1995) Social psychological literature does not take into account group types, functions of emotions and gender. An evolutionary perspective does (Kuppens, 2005; Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005)! Gut feelingsGut feelings

    8. Social desirability therefore focus on uncontrollable dimensions (Bargh et al., 1996a-b/1999; Brauer et al. 2000; Devine, 1989/2001).

    9. Prediction Anger should increase implicit ethnic ingroup favouritism for men but not for women. This effect should be limited to ethnic ingroup favouritism.

    10. Experiment Experimental design: 4 conditions (subset) Design: 1) Mood manipulation (6 mins.) 2) Intermittent questionnaire 3) IAT 1 4) Mood manipulation cont’d (3 mins.) 5) IAT 2 6) Mood manipulation cont’d (3 mins.) 7) IAT 3 8) Questionnaire

    11. Counterbalancing of block structure Counterbalancing of order of IAT Ethnic IAT, Age IAT, Gender IAT with name stimuli

    12. Attributes:

    13. Results Mood manipulation: Respondents in the anger condition significantly more angry than respondents in the control group (t(78)= 2.173; p < 0.05). Mixed-design ANOVA: group type and order as within- and gender and mood as between-subject factors: no significant threeway interaction effect (Greenhouse-Geisser corrected F(1.84; 139.99)= 0.39; p=0.393).

    14. Switch anger and controlSwitch anger and control

    17. Models for age and gender IAT scores showed no gender x mood interaction effects (F-test; all p>0.2). In line with hypothesis: ‘Angry men’ show increased implicit ethnic ingroup favouritism.

    18. Follow up Replication of this effect with different manipulations, implicit measures (EAST, LIB) and stimuli. Masculinity, anger and ingroup favouritism From implicit preferences to implicit biases in behaviour (cooperation, communication)

    19. Conclusion Consistent with an evolutionary perspective: anger increases implicit ethnic ingroup favouritism for men but not for women. No such effects are found for other group preferences.

    20. Acknowledgements Many thanks to my participants Many thanks to Anthony Lyons, Toon Kuppens, Tim Kurz and Mark Nelissen for very valuable feedback.

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