The Principles of Chiropractic Philosophy

1. The Principles of Chiropractic Philosophy

2. In review: • The philosophy of chiropractic is derived from fundamental philosophical concepts

3. Philosophy – What Is It? • Literally: “Love (philo) of discourse (sophos) • The study of the laws and causes under-lying reality, leading to an understanding of its fundamental nature. • The process of integrating knowledge into a useful world view • The attempt to explain phenomena using of all available information

4. Metaphysics • the way we look at all of existence; the nature of the universe • Metaphysical concepts: 1. Materialism/physicalism 2. Idealism 3. Dualism

5. How does chiropractic philosophy relate? • “dualistic interactionism:” mind and matter are mutually interdependent; one can’t exist without the other

6. Biology • The study of life and living things • Biological Concepts: 1. Mechanism 2. Vitalism

7. How does chiropractic philosophy relate? • “critical vitalism” or “organicism:” Living things, including humans are more than the sum of their parts; “life” creates and maintains the conditions for its own existence; we can not be described as complex, carbon-based “machines” • We are “life in matter inseparably”

8. Dr. Lipton’s ideas: • The universe, and, hence humans in it, are most accurately described in terms of energy (it is a quantum universe) • The human body and its behavior (life) are not machine-like, and thus we are not controlled/victimized by our genes

9. Dr. Lipton’s ideas: • Medicine’s adherence to the concept of genes controlling biology dates to Darwin’s work, and reinforced by Watson & Crick’s discovery of DNA • This has become a belief Lipton referred to as the central “dogma” of biomedicine

10. Dr. Lipton’s ideas: • The Human Genome Project predicted that from 100,000-130,000 genes would be needed to explain the complexity of human physiology • Only 30,000 genes were found to exist in human DNA

11. Dr. Lipton’s ideas: • Functionally, every cell in the body mimics systems found at the whole-body level- digestive, respiratory, reproductive, etc… • Removal of a living thing’s brain results in death; removal of a cell’s nucleus does not result in immediate death • Therefore, the nucleus/DNA does not control cell’s behavior

12. Dr. Lipton’s ideas: • The nucleus is not the “brain” of a cell • Functionally, the cell membrane is the “switch” controlling cellular behavior • The membrane receives “signals” from the cell’s environment which activate and regulate cellular functions • “Environmental signals” control biology- “perception controls biology”

13. Dr. Lipton’s ideas: • The behavior of our cells, and thus of our whole body, is controlled by signals (energy) from the environment • For our body’s cells (the internal environment), these signals (energy) are generated by the central nervous system (brain); the control of behavior is therefore from Above-Down-Inside-Out (ADIO)

14. Laws D E D U C T I O N I N D U C T I O N THEORY Explanation of relationships CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Empirical generalizations RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Predicted relationships FACTS Empiricalobservations

15. Philosophic Methodology • Philosophy works through deductive reasoning • Deduction: “to pull out of” • To derive meaningful conclusions from general principles through logical reasoning • Based on assumptions accepted a priori as true • Usually reasoning from the more general principle to the more specific case

16. The Syllogism– Philosophy’s Basic Argument • A Major Premise: • All humans have the capacity to heal themselves • A Minor Premise: • You are a human being • The Logical Conclusion: • You have the capacity to heal yourself

17. Strengths of Deductive Reasoning • Can allow us to reason beyond our experience • Immeasurable, immaterial, subjective, unique • 100% certainty of conclusions • We reason to understand, in order to act • Our willingness to act is often based on our confidence in our conclusions

18. Limitations of Deductive Reasoning • Quality of the assumptions – are they true? • Can come from anywhere / accepted as true • False assumptions lead to uncertain conclusions • Quality of the logic – is it valid? • Errors can produce false conclusions from true premises or true conclusions from false premises! • Deduction is not self-testing • Conclusions need to be tested against reality

19. The Thirty-Three Principles An Introduction Originally authored by R. W. Stephenson Reordered, categorized and edited by David B. Koch, D.C. and the PCC Philosophy faculty

20. The Thirty-Three Principles are a compilation of B.J. Palmer’s philosophy, as described by R.W. Stephenson Chiropractic Text Book, 1927

21. The original Thirty-Three Principles (see handout) are a study in deductive logic, proceeding from a major premise to specific applications in biology and the human body

22. The “Reorganized 33 Principles: (see handout) • In 2003, Dr. David Koch, then a professor of philosophy at PCC, published a review of the Principles, in which they were renumbered, categorized, and edited, without changing the overall concepts or their intent • Many remain identical to the original language

23. The Principles Categorized: • Universal Principles (1-14) • Biological Principles (15-30 • Chiropractic Principles(31-33)

24. The Universal Principles • The first 14 principles outline the concept of an intelligent universe, define and characterize its ability to self-organize, and establish the relationship between its organizing intelligence and the matter of which the universe is composed. These are called the universal principles.

25. The Universal Principles 1. The Major Premise There is a universal intelligence in all matter, continuously giving to it all its properties and actions, thus maintaining it in existence, and giving this intelligence its expression.

26. The Major Premise • Establishes an immaterial/material duality within a unity of existence • Establishes a mutual interdependence between intelligence and substance • Avoids natural/supernatural duality* *Chiropractic is a philosophy, science and art of things natural… Stephenson’s Chiropractic Textbook, Article 2, p. xiii

27. A definition of intelligence • The property of an organized system that is assumed to create the specific relationships within that system and/or cause the organized actions of that system. • Immaterial – active in brains, bushes, bacteria • Recognized by its effect – organization • If intelligence causes organization, organization implies intelligent action

28. Universal Intelligence(Revised) • The principle of self-organization inherent in all matter. • “Sufficient cause” for all organization that has, does, or will exist • Immaterial potential only, until expressed • Unlimited, unchanging, non-anthropomorphic • The ability to relate matter together into integrated units of structure and function

29. Organization • Examples exist at every level of inorganic and organic activity. • An atom – p+, n0, e- in specific patterns of movement • A molecule – atoms moving in specific relationships • A cell – innumerable different molecules interacting • A tissue – similar cells forming a unified structure • An organ – specific tissues functioning in unison • A system – specific organs acting in coordination • The body – all organ systems interacting as one

30. Force – the “Interactive Interface” • To serve as the connection between immaterial intelligence and physical matter, force must have both non-physical and physical components. • Force must have a physical component to cause matter to have motion. • Force must have an immaterial component to carry intelligence’s organizing “intent” to matter.

31. Force’s Physical Component • The physical aspect of any force is energy. • Energy is physical substance (E = mc2). • Gravity • Electromagnetism • Strong and weak nuclear forces • Mechanical, chemical energy • Intelligence doesn’t create energy, rather it uses the energy of the physical universe to organize the matter of the universe.

32. Force’s Immaterial Component • The immaterial (non-physical) aspect of any force is information. • Information is the message carried by any force, which “tells” the matter upon which it acts “what to do.” • Intelligence creates the information in any force. (Principle 4) • The information in any force is expressed by matter in the specific way it responds to that force.

33. Universal Forces • Universal intelligence creates the information in universal forces. • Matter expresses the information in universal forces as “universal laws.” • Universal forces/laws are “unswerving and unadapted, and have no solicitude for the structures in which they work” (Principle 12) whether those structures are living things or not. (Principle 13)

34. The Biological Principles • The next 16 principles explore the topic of “life,” identifying the self-organizing potential of a living thing as its innate intelligence and describ-ing the unique, constructive forces created within living things to main-tain their organization. These are the biological principles.

35. The Biological Principles 16. Innate Intelligence A living thing has the intelligence of the universe inborn within it, referred to as its innate intelligence.

36. Innate Intelligence • “Innate intelligence” is the name we give to UI being expressed in living things • UI gives all matter all its properties and actions, therefore UI gives a “living thing” all its properties and actions • II isUI but individualized by the attention it pays to the unit (individual organism)

37. The Biological Principles 19. Evidence of Life The signs of life (assimilation, elimination, growth, reproduction, adaptability) are evidence of the innate intelligence of life.

38. Adaptability …the intellectual ability that an organism possesses of responding to all forces which come to it, whether Innate or Universal* *Stephenson’s Chiropractic Text Book, Article 67, p. 36 • The ability to adapt comes from the innate intelligence of the organism • The expression of that ability comes from the matter (structure/function) of the organism • Often considered the primary sign of life

39. Expressions of Adaptability • Enthalpy – The ability a living organism has to maintain itself in active organization against the effects of entropy. • Homeostasis – The ability a living organism has to maintain constant, optimum internal conditions in the face of constantly changing external conditions. • Healing –The ability a living organism has to repair and/or replace and/or compensate for damage to its physical structure.

40. The Biological Principles 20. The Mission of Innate Intelligence The mission of the body’s innate intelligence is to maintain the material of the body of a living thing in active organization.

41. Active Organization • In living organisms, innate intelligence is expressed not only through atomic and molecular organization, but through higher order interactive processes as well. These processes (the signs of life) involve matter and energy exchange with the environment, self-creation, self-transformation, self-maintenance, and reproduction. • This is the “active organization” referenced in Principle 20

42. Innate Forces • Innate intelligence creates the information (not the energy) in innate forces. • The energy and matter is assimilated from outside the living thing (universal forces). • We assimilate chemical energy (carbohydrates). • We assimilate “building blocks” (proteins, lipids, DNA). • Innate intelligence adapts (transforms) these universal forces into innate forces to reorganize the matter into the body of the living thing

43. Innate Forces • The matter of the living thing (its body) expresses the information in innate forces as biological function. • The information is immaterial until it is expressed as physiological function. • The information in nerve impulses (electrochemical forces) is expressed as very quick, very specific physiological changes. • The information in hormones (chemical forces) is expressed in slower, systemic physiological changes. • The function of a living thing, and therefore the health of a living thing, lies in the expression of the specific information in these innate forces.

44. The Biological Principles 25. The Limits of Adaptation The body’s innate intelligence adapts forces and matter for the body’s use as long as it can do so without breaking a universal law;…

45. The Biological Principles 25. The Limits of Adaptation ...in other words, its expression is limited by the limitations of matter and time.

46. Limits of Adaptation • Any organism’s adaptability (its potential adaptive range) is limited by the form of the organism (Principle 25)* and the time adaptive processes require. (Principle 25)** *Stephenson’s Chiropractic Text Book, Article 23, p. xxxii, **p. xxxi • Any particular adaptation is limited by the individual’s genetics, history, diet, neurological integrity • Subluxation would be considered a limiting factor in the expression of any specific adaptive response)

47. The Biological Principles 30. The Cause of Dis-ease Interference with the transmission of innate forces causes incoordination, or “dis-ease.”

48. The Chiropractic Principles • The last 3 principles are specific to living organisms with nerve systems and spinal columns, characterizing the role of the forces traveling over these structures and identifying the problem of interference and dis-ease (incoordination). They are termed the chiropractic principles.

49. The Chiropractic Principles 33. Subluxations Interference with transmission in the body is often directly or indirectly due to subluxations in the spinal column.