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The Black Power Movement: From Malcolm X to Black Panthers

Explore the rise of Black Power through Malcolm X's radicalism to the Black Panthers' militant activism, shaping the Civil Rights Movement's later stages.

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The Black Power Movement: From Malcolm X to Black Panthers

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  1. The Challenge of Black Power Angela Brown Chapter 29 Section 4

  2. 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. won Nobel Peace Prize. • Some questioned his approach and the movement became divided. • Many African Americans angered by the continuing injustice.

  3. James Baldwin • 1963 The Fire Next Time told how oppression had set African Americans apart and made them stronger. • Baldwin’s essays and novels were powerful descriptions of African American experience – Notes of a Native Son. http://blogs.citypages.com/pscholtes/images/James%20Baldwin.jpg

  4. Malcolm X • Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska 1925. • Father a Baptist Minister who spread Marcus Garvey’s “back to Africa” message. • Father died during childhood. http://www.jtf.org/america/jjj.malcolm.x.sunglasses.hat.200.jpg

  5. Malcolm turned to a life of crime in ghettos of Detroit, Boston, and New York. • Arrested for burglary and served seven years in prison where he joined the Nation of Islam called Black Muslims – (preached black separation and self-help)

  6. http://course.lib.uci.edu/ed/spirit/focusnew/TeacherDevelopment/images/http://course.lib.uci.edu/ed/spirit/focusnew/TeacherDevelopment/images/ Malcolm%20X.jpg

  7. Black Nationalism • Nation of Islam founded n 1933 in Chicago by Elijah Muhammad. • Taught Allah would bring a “black nation” union of nonwhite people. • Key to self knowledge knowing your enemy – white society. http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol1no1/elijahm-1.jpg

  8. Did not seek change through political means – waited for Allah to create Black Nation – tried to lead righteous lives and become economically self-sufficient. • 1952 Malcolm released from prison – changed name to Malcolm X – 12 years minister of Nation • Malcolm gave fiery speeches to spread ideas of black nationalism. • A belief in the separate identity and racial unity of African American community.

  9. Opposition to Integration • Malcolm X called March on Washington “Farce on Washington” – rejected integration • 1964 Malcolm X broke with nation due to disagreement with Muhammad – formed Muslim Mosque, Inc. • Then made a pilgrimage to Mecca – holy city of Islam in Saudi Arabia

  10. March on Washington http://www.tcnj.edu/~brown82/march_on_washington.jpg

  11. Mecca http://www.arabia.it/english/islam/mecca2.jpg

  12. Seeing Muslims of all races worshipping peacefully changed his views about separatism and hatred of white people- change upset some of African American community. • Returned ready to work with other Civil Rights leaders and even some White Americans. • Feb 1965 shot to death at New York rally by three members of Nation of Islam.

  13. The Black Power Movement • Stokely Carmicheal – SNCC leader influenced by Malcolm X • Born in Trinidad, West Indies in 1941 – moved to U.S. at age 11 • Soon tired of nonviolent protest due to beatings and jail • called on SNCC workers to carry guns for self-defense • rejected white activists

  14. Stokely Carmicheal • Carmicheal’s idea of black power called on African Americans “to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community, to define own goals. http://www.ancient-knowledge-breakthrough.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures /StokelyCarmichael.jpg

  15. The Black Panthers • 1966 militant political party formed by activists Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. • Wanted African Americans to lead own communities and demanded federal government rebuild ghettos to make up for the years of neglect. • Violent encounters with police yet set up day-care centers and free breakfast programs.

  16. Black Panthers http://designermagazine.tripod.com/BlackPanthersPIC1.jpg

  17. The Black Panthers • “Black is Beautiful” slogan • SNCC and Black Panthers moved away from NAACP and other moderate groups = split in civil rights movement

  18. Riots in the Streets • De jure segregation – racial separation created by law – battled early on • De facto segregation – tougher – caused by social conditions, poverty, - fact of life in most American cities in education, housing, and employment • Frustration and anger boiled over into riots in New York City, Rochester, and New Jersey.

  19. One of most violent riots occurred in Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts – Aug 1965 • Police pulled over a black man for drunken driving – peaceful at first but when he resisted arrest an officer panicked and began swinging his baton • Outraged crowd touched off six days of rioting.

  20. National guard and police gained control but 34 people dead – more than a thousand injured. • Federal government set up special National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders to investigate. • 1n 1968 declared riots an explosion of smoldering anger in ghettos.

  21. Legacy of the Movement • Between 1970-1975 the number of African American elected officials rose by 88%. • Black mayors elected in Atlanta, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Newark NJ. • Others served in Congress and state legislatures • (Ex: Barbara Jordan of Texas).

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