The Protestant Reformation

1. Chapter 17 The Protestant Reformation

2. SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Reformation. • d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of MartinLuther and John Calvin. • e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits. • f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. • g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press

3. Section 3: • The Reformation: • Roman Catholic church dominated religious life • Criticized for its interest in ‘worldly pursuits’ (wealth and power) • Church weakened by: • Authority challenged by Renaissance emphasis on ‘individual’ (with help of printing press) • Rulers begin to challenge their power • Merchants resented paying Church taxes to Rome • German ‘disunity’ difficult to impose control • Movement for reform begins in Germany

4. Problems and Causes • Claimed leaders were corrupt • Popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasure (children!) • Lower priests illiterate and corrupt • Reformers: • Expected higher morals from clergy • Wanted standards of conduct for priests • John Wycliffe and Jan Hus want reform • Taught the Bible had more authroity than leaders • Europeans now reading their own religious works and formed their own opinions

5. Luther Challenges the Church • Challenged Friar selling indulgences (pardons) released sinner from performing a penalty • Make them believe they could buy their way into heaven • Luther’s response: 95 Theses • Posted formal statements attacking ‘pardon merchants’ on church door • Copied and printed all over Germany • He began the Reformation (a movement for religious reform)

7. Luther’s Teachings • People win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness (church taught faith and ‘good works’ needed) • All church teaching should be clearly based on words of the Bible (Pope and church ‘false authorities) • All people of faith were equal. (Therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible)

8. Response to Luther • Pope Leo X threatened excommunication unless he recanted (took back) his statements • Luther refuses and burned decree • Charles V (Catholic) summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial • Imperial Order: Edict of Worms • Declared Luther a heretic and outlaw • No one could give him food or shelter • Frederick of Saxony disobeys and shelters Luther • translates New Testament into German • Become a separate religious group called Lutherans

9. Peasants rebel against serfdom excited by religious freedom • Luther, horrified, condemns revolt peasants turn away from reform • German Princes support Luther for selfish reasons • Good excuse to seize catholic property • German Princes loyal to Pope join forces against Luther’s ideas • German Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the agreement • Protesting Prince became known as Protestants

10. Charles V goes to war against German Princes • Weary of fighting, Charles orders all German Princes, Catholic and non Catholic to Augsburg • Peace of Augsburg: • Charles agreed that German Princes can decide the religion of their state • Set in motion Protestant movement

11. England becomes Protestant • Henry VIII wants a son: • 1509 Henry was a devout Catholic • Wife: Catherine of Aragon – had daughter Mary – no woman had assumed the throne • Wanted to divorce 42 yr old Catherine • Church did not approve – Pope could annul (set aside) – Pope refused

12. Reformation Parliament • Asked Parliament to pass laws that ended Pope’s power in England • Secretly married Anne Boleyn • Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce • Act of Supremacy: • Called on people to recognize the divorce and accept Henry as the head of the Church of England • Thomas More refused to accept the oath • Was imprisoned in the Tower of London and executed for treason

13. Consequences of Henry’s Changes • Anne gives birth to Elizabeth • She too was charged with treason and beheaded • Jane Seymour, 3rd wife, gave him a son, Edward – though she dies 2 weeks later • Henry’s death (1547) leaves 9 yr old Edward to the throne – 6 yr reign ends at his death • Mary, devout Catholic, returns the Church to the Pope until her death in 1558 • (Known as “Bloody Mary” for her execution of Protestants) • Elizabeth takes the throne • Restores the Protestant Church

14. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism • 1559: Church of England established (Anglican Church) with Elizabeth as its head • (was to be only legal church in England) • To please both Protestants and Catholics: • Priest were allowed to marry • Could deliver sermons in English • Kept trapping of Catholic services • Revised church services to appease Catholics

15. Challenges to Elizabeth • Moderate Religious practices brought peace • Protestants called for more church reform • Catholics sought to overthrow Elizabeth with Catholic Mary Queen of Scots • Phillip II of Catholic Spain

16. Section 4: Reformation Continues • Anglican Church in full swing under Elizabeth • Reformers at work Germany and else where • Switzerland: John Calvin • Influenced by Erasmus and Luther • Attacked abuses of Catholic Church • War: Swiss Protestant and Catholics • Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion

17. Calvinism • Institutes of the Christian Religion • Men and women sinful by nature • Humans cannot ‘earn’ salvation • God chooses a very few people to save – the elect • Predestination: God has known who was to be saved from the beginning of time • Ideal government: ‘theocracy’

18. Geneva: Calvin’s City • All attended religion classes • No bright clothing or games • Different doctrines resulted in burning at the stake • broken rules resulted in banishment or imprisonment • Model city of Moral Citizens

19. John Knox - Presbyterians • Scottish preacher • Community churches governed by Elders • Made Calvinism Scotland's official religion • Deposed Mary Queen of Scots in favor of son James • Swiss, Dutch, French adopt Calvinism • French Calvinists : Huguenots • Catholic Feast of St. Bartholomew : Catholics murder Huguenots (lasted 6 months) • All Protestant churches trace their roots to Calvinism

20. Anabaptists: “baptize again’ Greek • Baptized only those old enough to choose • Taught separation of church and state • Refused to fight in wars • Shared all their possessions • Persecuted by Protestants and Catholics • Teachings influenced Quakers, Mennonites, Amish and Baptists

21. Catholic Reformation • “Helping Catholics to remain Loyal” • St Ignatius of Loyola founded two religious orders: • Jesuits: “Followers of Jesus” • To reform and renew the catholic Church • 3 goals: • Founded schools • Convert Christians to Catholicism • Send missionaries around the world

22. Reforming Popes • Paul III • Investigated indulgences • Approved the Jesuit order • Used the Inquisition to seek out ‘heresy’ • Called the ‘Council of Trent” • Church’s interpretation of Bible was final (heretic if questioned) • Christians needed good works for salvation (not just faith) • Bible and Church were authorities for Christian life • Indulgences were valid expression of faith

23. Paul IV • Drew up list of ‘dangerous books’ • (Including Protestant Bible) • Book Burnings

24. Legacy of Reformation: • Protestant Churches flourished • Catholic Churches unified at Council of Trent • Both gave emphasis to education (new schools and universities flourished) • Catholic Church authority declined • Individual monarchies increased power • ‘questioning’ of authority led to the Enlightenment