Asmeninio laiško ir esė rašymo anglų kalba reikalavimai ir patarimai

1. IGNALINOS R. VIDIŠKIŲ GIMNAZIJA Asmeninio laiško ir esė rašymo anglų kalba reikalavimai ir patarimai Parengė anglų kalbos vyresnioji mokytoja Ingrida Labuckienė 2014 Vidiškės

2. Informal letter

3. Informal letter • An Informal Letter is a letter that is usually written to a close friend or an acquaintance. It is also known as a personal letter and this type of letter does not have 'hard' and 'fast' rules on the format of writing as opposed to a formal letter, although there is a conventional way of writing it.

4. Informal letter • Generally speaking, the main difference between informal and formal letters is that informal letters are written as people speak. Steps to writing: • Begin your letter with a salutation Dear…(,) For example: Dear John(,) • It is followed by a comma if you use one at the end after finishing your letter with • For example: Best wishes(,)

5. Informal letter Introduction • The first paragraph will consist of an introduction which will give the recipient an idea what you will be writing about and a short summary of the main topic of your letter. • If you don’t know the person, you may need to introduce yourself.

6. Informal letter The body ( it may be 1-2 paragraphs) • That consists of the message you want to get across along with any details you may want to include. The conclusion • The last paragraph will be the conclusion where you wrap everything up. You can sum up, thank the recipient, wish good luck, ask any questions.

7. Informal letter Use the following phrases: • Starting your letter (Paragraph 1) • Thanks for your letter. Lovely to hear from you. How are you? How are things? Hope you're well. Commenting on something (Paragraph 1) • I'm sorry to hear/learn ... I'm so pleased to hear ... It's great to hear ... What wonderful news about ...

8. Informal letter Moving the topic on (Paragraph 2) • Anyway, the reason I'm writing ... • I thought I'd write to tell/ask you • Anyway, I was wondering ...

9. Informal letter Ending your letter (Paragraph 3) • Well, that's all for now • Write back soon • Looking forward to hearing from you again • All the best • Best wishes • See you soon • Take care • Yours Love • Lots of love

10. Informal letter • It is very important to write your letter in the correct style. One way of making your letter informal is to use contractions. • Use paragraphs. • When writing paragraphs make sure you write to the end of each line. Only finish a sentence mid-way along the line when you have come to the end of a paragraph. • Also, leaving a line between paragraphs can make your organisation even clearer to the reader.

11. Informal letter • Another way to create an informal style to your letter is to use exclamation marks. These are used at the end of short 'exclamations' to show strong feelings or surprise. For example: • Brilliant news!Congratulations! • However, only use them when absolutely necessary and don't use them too often -perhaps only once or twice in a letter of 100 words.

12. Informal letter While writing the letter be as friendly as possible. But don't go overboard. Do keep in mind to whom you are writing the letter. Don't write to your father, 'Hey dude! What's up?', but at the same time don't make the letter boring.

13. Informal letter • Use active voice. Active voice makes your letter sound more conversational and makes it more interesting to read. It's as if the person is conversing with you face to face. • Put in questions. Questions in your letter act as a good base on which you can write your letter on. Also, it motivates the reader to reply.

14. Informal letter • Sometimes, while in a hurry, we forget to include something in the letter. You can put that in the post script, at the bottom of the letter as • P.S. I ranked first in class last week.

15. Writing a paragraph • A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one main idea. A paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.

16. Writing a paragraph

17. Writing a paragraph • All paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences, and some paragraphs may also have a concluding sentence. • The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It not only names the topic of the paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one specific area that can be discussed in the space of a single paragraph. • The part of the topic sentence that announces the specific area to be discussed is called the controlling idea.

18. Writing a paragraph • Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. • Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain or prove the topic sentence by giving more information about it.

19. Writing a paragraph • The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember. • Concluding sentences are customary for stand-alone paragraphs. However, paragraphs that are parts of a longer piece of writing usually do not need concluding sentences.

20. Writing a paragraph • The topic sentence • A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss. For this reason, the writer can see what information to include and the reader is better prepared to understand it.

21. Writing a paragraph Points to remember about a topic sentence: It is a complete sentence, which means it contains at least one subject and verb. Driving on freeways. How to register for college classes. The rise of indie films

22. Writing a paragraph A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea. It names the topic and then limits it to a specific area to be discussed. • Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness. • Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students. • The rise of indie films is due to several factors.

23. Writing a paragraph • A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives the main idea. It does not give any specific details. Its like a name of a particular course on a restaurant menu. • The slang expression “so long” is probably a corruption of the Arabic salaam. (too specific) • English has been influenced by other languages. (too general) • The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious. (good)

24. Writing a paragraph

25. Writing a paragraph • A topic sentence has two essential parts: the topic and the controlling idea. • The topic names the subject of the paragraph. • The controlling idea limits or controls the topic to a specific area that you can discuss in the space of a single paragraph.

26. Writing a paragraph Convenience foods are easy to prepare. • Immigrants have contributed many delicious foodstoUS cuisine. • Independent films are characterized by experimental techniques.

27. Writing a paragraph Supporting sentences • Supporting sentences explain or prove the topic sentence. • Students often fail to support their ideas adequately. • They need to use specific details to be thorough and convincing.

28. Writing a paragraph • The best way is to use examples, statistics, quotations. • Examples are perhaps the easiest to use because you can often take examples from your own knowledge and experience. Furthermore, they make your writing lively and interesting.

29. Writing a paragraph The concluding sentence • It signals the end of the paragraph • It leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember. • It does that either by summarizing the main points of the paragraph, or by repeating the topic sentence in different words. • However, a concluding sentence is not needed for every paragraph in an essay.

30. Writing a paragraph • End-of-paragraph signals followed by a comma: Finally, In brief, In conclusion, Indeed, In short, Lastly, Therefore, Thus, To sum up, • End-of-paragraph signals notfollowed by a comma: The evidence suggests that… There can be no doubt that… These examples show that… We can see that…

31. Writing a paragraph • An important element of a good paragraph is unity. • Unity means that a paragraph discusses one and only one main idea from beginning to end. For example, if your paragraph is about advantages of owning a compact car, discuss only that. • Every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea.

32. Writing a paragraph • Another element of a good paragraph is coherence. It means there must be no sudden jumps, the movement from one sentence to another must be logical and smooth. To achieve this: • Repeat the key nouns • Use consistent pronouns • Use transition signals to link ideas • Arrange your ideas in logical order

33. Writing a paragraph • There is no fixed rule how often to repeat key nouns or when to substitute pronouns. You should repeat a key noun instead of using a pronoun when the meaning is not clear. • When you use pronouns, make sure that you use the same person and number throughout your paragraph.

34. Writing a paragraph • A student who knows a few Latin and Greek roots and prefixes has an advantage over a student who does not know them. They can often guess the meaning of new words. If, for example, you know that the prefix omnimeans “all”, you have a better chance of guessing the meaning of words such as omnibus, omnipresent and omnidirectional. Furthermore, a student who knows that the root sci-comes from scire, “to know,” can guess that omniscientmeans “all-knowing.”

35. Writing a paragraph

36. Writing a paragraph • Transition signals help to make the paragraph coherent. They are such expressions as first, finally, as a result, additional, because and others. Transition signals are like traffic signs; they tell the reader when you are giving a similar or an opposite idea, an example, a result or a conclusion. • You should not overuse them.Too many can be distracting rather than helpful

37. Writing a paragraph • Meaning/ Phrases function • An additional idea Inaddition/furthermore/moreover/besides/also/too/and • Opposite idea On the other hand/in contrast/however/nevertheless contrastInstead/still/nonetheless/but/yet/although/even t though/whereas/while/in spite of/despite • Choice or Otherwise/or/if/unless alternative • Restatement In fact/indeed/that is • order First/second/next/last/finally • exampleFor example/for instance/such as • ConclusionClearly/in brief/in conclusion/in short/in summary summary • result Accordingly/as a result/as a consequence/therefore/hence/thus/so

38. Writing a paragraph • Mosttransition words are separated by commas. • Short time words then, now, soon usually do not need commas. • When such words as and, but, or, not only connect two independent clause, use a comma. • Put a comma after a dependent clause but not in front of one.

39. Writing a paragraph • Althoughthe company’s sales increased last year,its net profit declined. • The company’s net profit declined last year althoughits sales increased.

40. Essay writing

42. Essay writing • An essay has three main parts: an introduction, a body and a conclusion. • An introduction consists of two main parts: a few general statements to attract the reader’s attention and a thesis statement to state the main idea of the essay. • A thesis statement for an essay is like a topic sentence for a paragraph –it names the specific topic and gives the reader a general idea of the content of the essay.

43. Essay writing • The body consists of paragraphs. Each paragraph develops a subdivision of the topic. • The conclusion is a summary or review of the main points discussed in the body. • An essay must have unity and coherence, just as a paragraph does.

44. Essay writing Introduction • General statements introduce the general topic of the essay and try to capture the reader’s attention. • The thesis statement states the specific topic, it may indicate the pattern of organization of the essay, and it is normally the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.

45. Essay writing

46. Essay writing • The body paragraphs in an essay are like supporting sentences in a paragraph.They are the place to develop your topic and prove your points. • Use transitions between paragraphs to guide the reader from one subtopic to the next. • The concluding paragraph signals the end of the essay. It may remind the reader the main points, they may summarize the subtopics or paraphrase the thesis.

47. Opinion essay The introduction.Here you state the main idea of your entire essay -the point you are trying to make or prove. The final sentence is your thesis statement with the opinion you are going to prove. You may include the reasons for your opinions.

48. Opinion essay Paragraphs Two, Three and Four.These are the bodyof your essay. Each of the body paragraphs should take oneof your reasons and explain it in more detail, giving an example or illustration to back it up.

49. Opinion essay The body: • Paragraph 2 –first viewpoint and the reasons plus the example • Paragraph 3 –second viewpoint and the reasons plus examples • Paragraph 4 –opposing viewpoint and the reasons plus examples. • The concluding paragraph –where you summarize or restate the thesis statement.

50. Opinion essay The stages you should follow while writing: • Pre-writing–brainstorm and write an outline • Writing–write your introduction, body and conclusion • Proofreading–make sure you stick to the question; evaluate the layout; look at the thesis, make sure it is coherent; make sure there are topic sentences in each body paragraph and they are speaking about the thesis;