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DNA, Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells

DNA, Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells. Your body is made of trillions of cells, each one with a nucleus. Inside each nucleus are 46 chromosomes. You got 23 from mom, 23 from dad. Chromosomes are made of many genes. http://www.connectmydna.com/the-science/.

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DNA, Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells

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  1. DNA, Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells

  2. Your body is made of trillions of cells, each one with a nucleus.

  3. Inside each nucleus are 46 chromosomes.

  4. You got 23 from mom, 23 from dad

  5. Chromosomes are made of many genes http://www.connectmydna.com/the-science/

  6. Genes are made of long sections of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/04/letter-on-dna-structure-sells-for-record-5-3-million/

  7. Some of the genes you inherit are dominant, some of the them are recessive.

  8. Scientists can look at these genes on your chromosomes and use them to help diagnose disease or provide better treatment. http://cpmc.coriell.org/ You may soon go to your doctor with a picture of your chromosomes

  9. Karyotype

  10. Normal babies have cells with 46 chromosomes

  11. Normal sperm and egg cells each have 23 chromosomes

  12. A picture of a cell’s chromosomes is called a karyotype.

  13. Chromosomes are paired up and lined up according to their patterns and size.

  14. We use “cartoon” versions of chromosomes to make our task easier. The different patterns on chromosomes are different genes for traits

  15. A karyotype can be used to diagnose a disease or determine gender

  16. Boys are XY, girls are XX for chromosome #23

  17. Sometimes there are extra or missing chromosomes

  18. Turner’s Syndrome (one X)

  19. Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)

  20. Cri du Chat Syndrome (deleted part of chromosome 5)

  21. Down Syndrome (3 copies of #21)

  22. Karyotypes can be made for a fully formed human or for a developing fetus.

  23. Why would a parent want to know a child’s karyotype? To determine risk of a genetic disorder or the gender of the child. Early testing can help parents prepare physically and emotionally for the birth of their child. They can be better prepared to meet the needs of their child with early intervention and care.

  24. Even plants can have a karyotype made of their chromosomes for identification purposes

  25. Genetic testing can now be used to search for potential diseases • Breast/ovarian cancer (#17 and 13) • Alzheimer’s (#19) • Cystic Fibrosis (#7) • Autism (#15 is different if the person has this disease-not yet known why this happens)

  26. Genetic testing can also be used to determine gender, especially in cases of elite athletes. http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gendertest/gendertest.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/sports/08sportsbriefs-semenya.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/9373209.stm

  27. Your task: • You will receive a sample of chromosomes from a developing fetus. • You must arrange the chromosomes according to size and pattern into a karyotype. • You will then determine the gender and disease this child may have (if any). • Conclusion questions and karyotype are due on Thursday.

  28. Instructions: • Carefully cut apart the chromosomes, do NOT lose any! • Using the “Normal Karyotype” as your guide, arrange the patient’s chromosomes according to the same pattern. • 3. Glue/Tape the chromosomes into place on the attached paper. • 4. Compare your patient’s karyotype to the normal karyotype and the disease chart to determine, what disease, if any, the child has.

  29. http://www.ndss.org/

  30. http://www.turnersyndrome.org/welcome-turner-syndrome-society-ushttp://www.turnersyndrome.org/welcome-turner-syndrome-society-us

  31. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/klinefelter-syndrome

  32. http://www.fivepminus.org/

  33. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/triple-x-syndrome/DS01090

  34. http://www.trisomy18.org/site/PageServer?pagename=parents_whatisT18http://www.trisomy18.org/site/PageServer?pagename=parents_whatisT18

  35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002625/

  36. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome

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