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Electron Configurations

Electron Configurations. Energy Levels, Sublevels, and Orbitals. Principal energy levels – n, assigned values 1-7 (Like floors in a hotel) Energy sublevels- s, p, d, f (Type of suite in a hotel) s sublevel – 1 orbital p sublevel – 3 orbitals d sublevel – 5 orbitals

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Electron Configurations

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  1. Electron Configurations

  2. Energy Levels, Sublevels, and Orbitals • Principal energy levels – n, assigned values 1-7 (Like floors in a hotel) • Energy sublevels- s, p, d, f (Type of suite in a hotel) • s sublevel – 1 orbital • p sublevel – 3 orbitals • d sublevel – 5 orbitals • f sublevel – 7 orbitals • Orbitals – Two electrons per orbital (Two people per room) (Orbitals are the number of rooms in a suite)

  3. Electron Configurations • Electron configuration – the arrangement of electrons in an atom. • Example Sodium (Na) – • Three rules determine electron configurations • the Aufbau Principle, • the Pauli Exclusion Principle • Hund’s rule 1s22s22p63s1

  4. The Aufbau Principle • Each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available • Like filling the hotel from the bottom up Which should we fill first, the lowest or highest energy orbital?

  5. Aufbau Diagram Which has a lower energy level 4s or 3d orbitals?

  6. Filling the Orbitals in the correct order

  7. Orbitals in the Periodic Table

  8. Pauli Exclusion Principle • A maximum of two electrons may occupy a single orbital • Like only two people sharing one hotel room How many electrons are found in an orbital?

  9. Hund’s Rule • If two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly with the same spin, before filling them in pairs with opposite spins • A spin is denoted with an up ↑or down ↓ arrow to fill orbitals • This is like trying to find your own room on the same floor before having to share a room with someone else

  10. Electron configuration Practice 10

  11. Question Time • What is an electron configuration? • What is the Aufbau principle? • What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle? • What is Hund’s Rule?

  12. Writing Electron Configurations Aufbau diagram for sodium (Na) which has 11 electrons Na electron configuration1s22s22p63s1

  13. Exceptions to Electron Configurations • Copper and chromium are exceptions to the Aufbau principle. B. Some configurations violate the Aufbau Principle because half-filled sublevels are not as stable as filled sublevels, but they are more stable than other configurations

  14. Valence electrons • Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost orbital • For A group elements the group number corresponds to number of valence electrons. • Electron-dot structures – Element’s symbol surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons 8A

  15. Lewis Dot Structure Practice 15

  16. Question Time • What two elements are exceptions to the Aufbau rule for electron configurations? • What are valence electrons?

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