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Stroke: A Major Health Problem and Leading Killer

This article explores the prevalence, incidence, and health care costs associated with stroke, a major cause of death and disability worldwide. It provides epidemiological data and highlights the impact of stroke on individuals and society.

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Stroke: A Major Health Problem and Leading Killer

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  1. Κοινωνικο-οικονομικό κόστος Εγκεφαλικών Επεισοδίων Βέμμος Κ., Παθολόγος Μονάδα Οξέων Αγγειακών Εγκεφαλικών Επεισοδίων Θεραπευτική Κλινική Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών

  2. Stroke: a major health problem and a leading killer • Epidemiology • Worldwide stroke prevalence was 7.1 million in 2000 and is rising1 • Incidence: 700,000 strokes/year (USA)2 • A major health burden in western countries • Third most common cause of death3 • The leading cause of disability in adults3 • Health care expenditures • In the USA, $ 57.9 billion for stroke-related medical costs and disability in 20062 1Guillot F, Moulard O. Circulation. 1998: 98(Suppl 1):1421.2American Heart Association.2002 Heart; Stroke Statistical Update.AHA, 2002; www.strokeassociation.org - ASA . 3Leys D, et al. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001:11(Suppl 2):1-4.

  3. Leading causes of death in 2005 Source: WHO

  4. Projections of stroke events in men and women in EU and EFTA countries, 2000 to 2025(solely due to the demographic changes) European Fair Trade Association Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland, Truelsen T, et al, WHO, 2004

  5. Επίπτωση Crude Stroke annual Incidence rates Region Year Rate (95% CI) • Perth,Australia1995–96 1·6 (1·4–1·8) • Frederiksberg, Denmark1989–90 3·1 (2·7–3·4) • South London, UK 1995–96 1·3 (1·2–1·4) • Martinique, French West Indies 1998–99 1·6 (1· 5–1 • Oyabe, Japan1987–91 4·1 (3·8–4·4) • Erlangen,Germany1994–98 1·3 (1·2–1·4) • Arcadia, Greece1993–95 3·4 (3·1–3·7) • Belluno,Italy1992–93 2·2 (2·0–2·4) • L’Aquila, Italy1994 2·8 (2·6–2·9) • Auckland,New Zeeland1991–92 1·4 (1·3–1·5) • Inherred,Norway1994–96 3·1 (2·8–3·4) • Novosibirsk, Russia 1992 2·3 (2·1–2·5)

  6. Επίπτωση Kύρια ευρήματα μελέτης Αρκαδίας(1993-95, >20 ετών, πληθυσμός 80 774 ) • Ετήσια επίπτωση • 275 νέα πρωτοεμφανιζόμενα ΑΕΕ στην Αρκαδία / έτος • 256 νέα ΑΕΕ / 100 000 πληθυσμού στην Ελλάδα • 25-30 000 νέα ΑΕΕ το χρόνο σε όλη τη χώρα • Θνητότητα • Θνητότητα 1ου μήνα (CFR) 26.6 % • Θνητότητα 1ου έτους36.8 % • Aνεξάρτητοι προγνωστικοί δείκτες: Ηλικία, επίπεδο συνείδησης, Κολπική μαρμαρυγήVemmos K, et al Stroke 1999

  7. Επίπτωση Average Annual Stroke Incidence (racial differences) Northern Manhattan Stroke Study - NOMAS 300 259 232 250 222 200 172 Average Annual Age-Adjusted Incidence Rate per 100,000 150 118 100 80 White 50 Black Hispanic 0 Men Women Sacco R, et al. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:259-268.

  8. Επίπτωση Annual incidence by age per 1000 population of all types of stroke combined in selected studies Feigin V, Lancet Neurology 2003

  9. Σύγκριση επίπτωσης μεταξύ διαφόρων μελετών για τις ηλικίες 45-84 ανά 100 000 πληθυσμού ΙσχαιμικόΕγκεφαλική Υπαραχνοειδής έμφρακτο αιμορραγίααιμορραγία Dijon, France183 (166-200) 26 (20-32) 4 (1-7) Arcadia, Greece 249 (217-281) 51 (36-66) 11 (4-17 Perth, Australia 262 (216-308) 38 (22-55) 19 (6-32) Umbria, Italy 294 (256-332) 40 (25-55) 17 (7-27) Rochester, Minnesota318 (280-355) 35 (22-47) 17 (8-26) Oxfordshire, England312 (283-342) 39 (29-50) 17 (10-25) Frederiksberg, Denmark339 (281-397) 33 (14-52) 6 (0-17) Söderhamn, Sweden349 (285-413) 49 (23-75) 12 (0-26) * Standardized incidence rates for groups aged 45-84 years to the European population Vemmos K et all, Stroke 1999 Επίπτωση

  10. Επίπτωση Age-standardised annual incidence per 1000 population of all strokes combined in people aged 55 years(Segi 1996 world population) Feigin V, Lancet Neurology 2003

  11. Επίπτωση Rates of acute vascular events in men and women in the OXVASC study-population (91 106) between 2002 and 2005- rates are per 1000 population per year Rothwell PM et al. Lancet 2005

  12. Επίπτωση Age-specific rates of acute cerebrovascular and coronary vascular events in the Oxford, UK (OXVASC study) rates are per 1000 population per year study included some participants under age of 45 Rothwell PM et al. Lancet 2005

  13. Επιπολασμός Age-standardised prevalence of stroke per 1000 population in selected studies of peopleaged 65 years Feigin V, Lancet Neurology 2003

  14. Stroke death rates in 20 countries [WHO 2004]

  15. Θνητότητα Case-fatality within 1 month of stroke onset by major stroke type IS=ischaemic stroke; PICH=primary intracerebral haemorrhage; SAH=subarachnoid haemorrhage;UND=undefined. Feigin V, Lancet Neurology 2003

  16. Θνητότητα One year survival in patients with first-ever stroke“The Arcadia Stroke Registry” Κενοτοπιώδη Αθηροσκληρωτικά Καρδιοεμβολικά Αιμορραγίες Vemmos et al, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:595-600

  17. Θνητότητα Long-term Mortality Following Ischemic Stroke Deaths from stroke or MI among patients with a first cerebral infarction (n = 764) 30 27.0% 25 20 Percentage 15 10.1% 10 5 0 Stroke Deaths MI Deaths • In data acquired over an 18-year observation period, for those with an initial stroke, the risk of death from stroke is more than 2.5 times the risk of death from MI Petty GW, et al. Neurology 1998;50:208-216.

  18. Πρόγνωση Prognosis of Ischemic StrokeGerman Stroke Data Bank Slight disabilities (mRS 0-2) Follow-up after 90 days Moderate disabilities (mRS 3) Severe disabilities (mRS 4-5) 14.70% 18.60% Deceased n = 5,017 9.40% 57.20% Grau AJ, et al. Stroke 2001;32:2559-2566.

  19. Νοσοκομειακή έκβαση 3105 ασθενών με οξύ πρώτο εγκεφαλικό επεισόδιο (Rankin score) The Athens Stroke Outcome Project

  20. Stroke trends Hospital discharges, cerebrovascular diseases per 100000 Source: WHO/Europe, European HFA Database, November 2007

  21. Stroke trends Average annual incidence rates (trends) of stroke per 100 000 population from 1955-1989(Rochester, Minnesota) Brown RD, Stroke 1996

  22. Stroke trends Framingham Study: Age-adjusted annual incidence of first stroke over time in men and women (per 1000 person-years) Carandang R et al. JAMA 2006; 296:2939-2946

  23. Stroke trends Age and sex-specific incidence rates (trends)for all types of stroke combinedin Arcadia for the years 1994 and 2004 MEN WOMEN 367.4 (327-409)334.7 (280-390) 316.1 (277-356)316.5(261-372) Vemmos et al, Stroke 1999, and ESC May 2005 Vemmos et al, Stroke 1999, and ESC May 2005

  24. Stroke trends Framingham Study: 30-day mortality from stroke in men and women over time (%) Carandang R et al. JAMA 2006; 296:2939-2946

  25. Stroke trends Trends in Case Fatality Rate (28 days) in Arcadia for the years 1994 and 2004 1994: 26.6% (95% CI, 22.9-30.2) 2004: 25.5% (95% CI, 20.3-30.7) % Vemmos et al, Stroke 1999, and ESC May 2005

  26. The Burden of StrokeContinues After the Acute Event • Stroke progression during hospitalization 24% • Mortality • 30 days 8–20% • 1 year 15–25% • 5 years 40–60% • Complete or partial dependence 27–53% • Dementia persisting at 1 year 34% Source: Sacco. Neurology. 1997; 49 (Suppl 4): S39–S44

  27. Effects on quality of life Stroke has a major impact on quality of life Best possible health state 1 Asthma [0.79]2* Mild stroke [0.75]1† Lower back pain [0.66]2* - 0.5 Moderate/severe stroke [0.39]1† Recurrent stroke [0.12]1† Death 0 PLEASE NOTE THAT THESE RESULTS WERE OBTAINED FROM TWO DIFFERENT STUDIES *Based on the health-related quality of life results using the mean EQ-5D self-classifier index values and mean rating scale scores †Patients were questioned using a computer-based utility-assessment tool and the quality of life impact calculated using the time trade-off method to elicit utilities 1. Gage BF et al. JAMA 1995; 274: 1839–1845. 2. Burstrom K et al. Qual Life Res 2001; 10: 621–635.

  28. How bad is a major stroke? Worse than death Equivalent to being well Patients (%) Equivalent to death Patient attitudes to hypothetical major stroke 1. Samsa GP et al. Am Heart J 1998; 136: 703–713.

  29. Σημαντικά προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζουν ασθενείς με εγκεφαλικό μετά το νοσοκομείο (n=6000) Br J Gen Pract 2003;53:803–807

  30. Ischaemic stroke survivors aged >65 years in the USA • 1/4 were resident in a nursing home • 1/3 required help with walking • 1/4 were dependent in activities of daily living Kelley-Hayes et al. 2003

  31. Global economic costs of stroke Short term Long term Others • Emergency transportation • Diagnosis • In-patient stay • Surgery • Drugs • Outpatient visits • Transportation • GP visits • Physiotherapy • Occupational therapy • Speech/language therapy • Drugs • Tests and investigations • Orthoses/incontinence pads • Institutional care • Income lost by informal carers • Income lost due to death • Income lost due to disability • Benefit payments

  32. Άμεσες δαπάνες ασθενών με ΑΕΕ

  33. Δεδομένα από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία για το κόστος του ΑΕΕ • Αγγλία, Σκωτία, Ολλανδία: 3-4% των δαπανών υγείας Isard 1992, Bergman 1995, Evers 1997 • 0,27% του ΑΕΠ στις αναπτυγμένες χώρες • ΗΠΑ: • 1990: $40,6 δις • 1998: $43,3 δις • 2001: $45,4 δις • 2009: $68,9 δις Τaylor 1996 ΑSA, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics,2001 ΑSA, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics , 2009 update

  34. Μέσο ετήσιο κόστος ΑΕΕ • Σουηδία: $25.373-$28507 Claesson 2000 • Γερμανία: $18.517 Kolominsky 2006 • Ην.Βασίλειο: $13.650 (τρεις πρώτοι μήνες) Caro 2000 • ΗΠΑ: $25.500 Porsdal 1999 • Ελλάδα: 13.000-34.000 ευρώ (ανάλογα με βαρύτητα περιστατικού) Γειτονα και συν 2000

  35. The High Cost of Stroke Annual Total (2001) Per Event* $28.0 billion $17.4 billion $45.4 billion $46,667 $29,000 $75,667 Direct costs (care and treatment) Indirect costs (lost productivity) Total *Based on 600,000 strokes per year American Heart Association, 2001 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update.

  36. Μεταβολές άμεσου οικονομικού κόστους εγκεφαλικών για περίοδο 18 μηνών CerebrovascDis 2004;17:134–142

  37. Pharmaceuticals Only Accountfor 2% of Cost of Stroke Care Annual cost of stroke in USA = US$49.4 billion1 Physicians/other professionals Hospital/nursing home Home healthcare Pharmaceuticals/other medical durables Lost productivity 1. American Heart Association. 2002 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. AHA, 2002

  38. Ανάλυση νοσοκομειακού κόστους (n=2008) (σε τιμές ευρώ 2009)

  39. Stroke: Mean Cost as a Function ofLong-Term Care Destination*1 Chronic long-termin-hospital care 56,114 33,208 Nursing home 33,062 Rehabilitation Destination 22,297 Convalescent home 11,722 New housing 11,375 Return home 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Euros *Excluding new acute hospitalization 1. Spieler J-F et al. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13: 132–41.

  40. Άμεσο οικονομικό κόστος εγκεφαλικών ανάλογα με την αναπηρίαγια περίοδο 18 μηνών (Rankin score, Euro ανά ασθενή) CerebrovascDis 2004;17:134–142

  41. Συνδυασμός θανάτων και χρόνου που χάνεται από την μη εργασία λόγω της αναπηρίας ανά 100 000 πληθυσμού (4η στη σειρά νόσος) Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, Mackay J, Mensah G (eds). Geneva: WHO; 2004

  42. Συμπεράσματα-1 • Τα εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια είναι μια καταστροφική νόσος που ευθύνεται για μεγάλο ποσοστό θνητότητας και αναπηρίας • Η επίπτωση και ο επιπολασμός κυμαίνονται ευρέως μεταξύ των χωρών και ενδεχομένως θα αυξηθεί τα επόμενα χρόνια • Η θνητότητα από εγκεφαλικά παραμένει υψηλή και δεν μειώνεται τα τελευταία χρόνια • Είναι το 1ο αίτιο αναπηρίας σε ηλικιωμένα άτομα • Τουλάχιστον το 50% του συνόλου των ατόμων που παθαίνουν εγκεφαλικό χρειάζονται αποκατάσταση

  43. Συμπεράσματα-2 • Τα εγκεφαλικά είναι μια εξαιρετικά επιβαρυντική οικονομικά νόσος, (καταναλώνεται το 2-4% του προϋπολογισμού για την υγεία) • Το κόστος επιβαρύνει τον ασθενή, την οικογένεια, την κοινωνία, το προϋπολογισμό του κράτους • Το υψηλό κόστος είναι αποτέλεσμα της μεγάλης αναλογίας χρόνιας αναπηρίας που αφήνει η νόσος • Η μεγαλύτερη κατανάλωση πόρων γίνεται αφού ο ασθενής εξέλθει από το νοσοκομείο

  44. Underfunding of Stroke ResearchA Europe-Wide Problem “for every £20 spent on cardiology research, only £1 is spent on stroke research”!! Stroke. 2004;35:2368-2371

  45. www.stroke.gr • Γιατρούς • Επαγγελματίες Υγείας • Ασθενείς και οικογένεια

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