Sprains And Strains

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A sprain is an injury to a ligament (tissue that connects two or more bones at a joint). In a sprain, one or more ligaments is stretched or torn. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5qCI0T4Fhs&feature=endscreen&NR=1 What are sprains?

SPRAIN Ligament or the joint capsule is stretched pr torn

A strain is an injury to a muscle or a tendon (tissue that connects muscle to bone). In a strain, a muscle or tendon is stretched or torn. What are strains?

STRAIN Tendon or muscle tissue is stretched or torn

Anatomy Where do they occur?

Anatomy: Sprains Sprains happen most often in the ankle. Sometimes when people fall and land on their hand, they sprain their wrist. A sprain to the thumb is common in skiing and other sports. Over 25 000 people get a sprained ankle in the US… Per Day.

Anatomy: Strains Two common sites for a strain are the back and the hamstring muscle in the back of the thigh. Elbow strains can also happen when playing sports.

Let's learn about the methods of injury! How do they occur?

Sprains can be caused by falling, twisting, or impact that forces a joint out of its normal position causing ligaments around the joint to stretch or tear. Sprains can occur if someone: • Falls and lands on a joint • Twists a joint What Causes Sprains?

A strain is a result of twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. Strains occur suddenly or develop over time. Chronic strains are a result of a repeatedly stressing a muscle or tendon. A sudden strain can be caused by: • A recent injury · Lifting heavy objects the wrong way (or violent contraction) · Over stressing the muscles. What Causes Strains?

-Exercising without warming up properly • -Using athletic equipment that does not fit properly • -Participating in sports and activities that you are not conditioned for • -Exercising when bones and muscles are fatigued Additional Causes of Sprains and Strains

~Is a mild ligament stretch • ~Small or no swelling • ~ no joint instability • ~ with very little loss of movement at joint level • ~Full recovery time is 3 to 4 weeks. 1st Degree Sprain

~Have a small amount of muscle fibre damage (stretched or torn) • ~ Usually take about 2 to 3 weeks to recover • ~ Muscle will feel tender with little or no loss of muscle functional ability. 1st Degree Strain

Pain for both first degree sprains and strains usually subsides after a few days.

· Minimal pain • · Minor weakness • · Swelling • · Bruising • · Not being able to move or use the joint. • Sometimes people feel a pop or tear when the injury happens. A sprain that is mild is a degree 1. Signs and Symptoms of a 1st Degree Sprain

· Mild pain/ irritation • · Minor muscle weakness • · Minor swelling • · Little trouble moving the muscle. Signs and Symptoms of a 1st degree Strain

· Rest (the injured part of the body) • · Ice (apply cold packs to the injury to help bring down swelling) • · Compression (wrap the injury firmly with an elastic compression bandage or splint to prevent and decrease swelling) • · Elevation (raise the injured part so it's higher than your heart, also to prevent swelling) • · The doctor may recommend taking medicines, such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Treating 1st Degree Sprains and Strains

…is a more severe tearing of the ligaments …is a split of the ligament but joint is still stable can lead to permanent joint pain if not dealt with correctly 2nd Degree Sprains

… when there is a partial tear in the muscle fiber or it has been stretched too far …a greater number of muscle fibers have been stretched or torn 2nd Degree Strains

swelling and stiffness • mild instability of joint • mild pain • A sprain that is moderate is a degree 2. Signs and Symptoms of a 2nd Degree Sprain

noticeable loss of strength • lots of pain when moved • mild swelling and bruising Signs and Symptoms of a 2nd Degree Strain

RICE • ice immediately to reduce swelling • rest joint and above heart (elevate) even when sleeping • Splints or anti-inflammatory medicine may be needed • wrap in cloth to limit movement but not tight enough to limit blood flow • Get professional help • may require a massage or physical therapy so scar tissue is not a problem (gain movement gradually) • can take 6-8 weeks to fully heal Treating 2nd Degree Sprains and Strains

Is a complete rupture of the structure of the ligament • Third degree sprains vary greatly, often depending on which ligament is involved. • Some complete ligament ruptures heal without surgery. • . 3rd Degree Sprains

Complete rupture of muscle or tendon • Third degree strains of muscles and tendons are generally a very serious issue and often require surgery. • When a muscle or tendon ruptures completely, the two ends typically retract, or pull away from each other, requiring surgery to reattach them. 3rd Degree Strains

Severe pain, swelling and bruising • Complete or almost complete loss of function. • A sprain that is severe is a degree 3. Signs and Symptoms of a 3rd Degree Sprain

Signs and Symptoms of a 3rd Degree Strain • Third degree strains often occur with little pain after the initial occurrence Severe pain, swelling and bruising Complete or almost complete loss of function. A strain that is severe is a degree 3.

Consult a medical professional • If two ends of the ligament are held in place by surrounding tissue, scar tissue may develop and provide reattachment. • If two ends are not held close (ex. ACL in the knee) surgical reconstruction may be required. • Even if a ligament heals, there is no guarantee that it will be as solid as it was originally due to laxity (looseness). • Sometimes surgery is required to tighten the ligament. For example, the front ligament of the shoulder may heal but still be too loose to hold the shoulder in the joint. Therefore, a surgery may be required to tighten the ligament so that the shoulder does not dislocate. Treating 3rd Degree Sprains

When a muscle or tendon ruptures completely, the two ends typically pull away from each other, requiring surgery to reattach them. • Oftenrequire surgery • Require extensive rehabilitation Treating 3rd Degree Strains

STRAINS • in legs: soccer, football, hockey, boxing and wrestling • in arms: gymnastics, tennis, rowing and golf • SPRAINS • Often in ankle. Common in skiing, soccer. Athletic Events That You Are Most Likely to See Sprains and Strains

Avoid exercising or playing sports when tired or in pain. • Eat a well-balanced diet to keep muscles strong. • Maintain a healthy weight. Prevention Strategies • Exercise every day. • Be in proper physical condition to play a sport. • Warm up and stretch before playing a sport. • Wear protective equipment when playing. • Run on flat surfaces. • Try to avoid falling (put sand or salt on icy spots on your front steps or sidewalks). • Wear shoes that fit well. • Get new shoes if the heel wears down on one side.

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Sprain: • · degree I - mild stretching of the ligament without joint instability. • · degree II - partial rupture (tear) of the ligament but without causing joint instability. • · degree III - complete rupture (tear) of the ligament with instability of the joint. • Strain: • · First-degree strain - a mild strain when only a few muscle fibres are stretched or torn. The injured muscle is tender and painful, but has normal strength. • · Second-degree strain - a moderate strain with a greater number of injured fibres. There is more severe muscle pain and tenderness. There is also mild swelling, some loss of strength, and a bruise may develop. • · Third-degree strain - this strain tears the muscle all the way through. There is a total loss of muscle function. Not on Final PRESENTATION: Degrees

Sprains And Strains