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Essential Elements in Bioanorganic Chemistry

Explore the essential and toxic trace elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, chromium, copper, and more in biological systems. Understand their roles, deficiencies, and toxicities.

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Essential Elements in Bioanorganic Chemistry

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  1. Elements Prof. Dr. Richard Průša

  2. Elements • Bioanorganic chemistry • C, N, P, O, H, S: proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids • Ionts: K, F, Cl, I, Na, Ca, Fe • Essential trace elements: Mg, Cr, Co, Cu, Mo, Se, Zn • Toxic trace elements: As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Li, Hg, Pt

  3. Elements • Trace elements: tissue conc. less than 50 mg/kg • Biologically active elements • Toxic elements, toxicology

  4. Carbon • Nonreactive element • CO, CO-Hb • CO2, HCO3 • HCN

  5. Hydrogen, oxygen • H – highly reactive, H2 • H2O • O, O2, O3 pO2, pCO2 – air, blood • CO, NO • H2O2 • Highly reactive forms of oxygen – anionts and radicals (10 forms): peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, perhydroxyl

  6. Nitrogen, sulphur • N2, boiling point -200 C • NH3, NH4, NH2 • N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N205 • HNO2 – nitrates, met-Hb • HNO3 – nitrites • H2S, H2SO4 – sulphates, SH

  7. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium • H3P04, phosphates, bone, buffer, esters • Ca – bone (phosphate, carbonate, fluoride) • Ca – ionized, proteins, citrate, lactate • Oxalate, urate – renal stones • S-Ca 2.15 – 2.50 mmol/l • S-phosphate 0.80 – 1.45 mmol/l • S-Mg 0.65 – 1.1 mmol/l (urine – inh.)

  8. Chromium • Role: metabolism of glucose, chromodulin (intracellular octapeptide), LMWCr factor • Deficiency: impaired glucose tolerance • Toxicity: occupational

  9. Copper • Ceruloplasmin, acerulopl. • Cytochrom c oxidase, lysine 6-oxidase • Ferroxidase I and II, monoamine oxidase • Melanocytes – tyrosinase • Wilson d., Menkes sy., biliary obstr. • S-Cu 11-22 umol/l

  10. Cobalt, fluorine • Component of vitamin B12 • Deficiency – anemia • Prevents tooth decay • Deficiency – increased dental caries

  11. Manganese • Required for glycoprotein and proteoclycan synthesis • Superoxide dismutase • Pyruvate carboxylase • Arginase • Toxicity

  12. Molybdenum • Sulphite oxidase • Xanthine dehydrogenase • Aldehyde oxidase

  13. Selenium • Selenocystein (Se instead of sulphur), 21st aminoacid, UGA, tRNA • Glutathione peroxidases (4x) • Thioredoxin reductase • Selenoprotein P (10 atoms of Se) • Iodothyronine deiodinase (T4 – T3)

  14. Zinc • About 300 zinc metalloenzymes and proteins • Metallothioneins • Carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, • RNA and DNA polymerases • Alcohol dehydrogenase, thimidine kinase • Deficiency (AE), toxicity

  15. Iron, Iodine • S-Fe M, F, about 10 – 25 umol/l • Hemoglobin, myoglobin • Cytochroms, Transferrin, Ferritin • Thyroxine, triiodthyronine, free forms • Thyroglobulin x TBG

  16. Other elements • Boron, Nickel, Mercury, Cadmium • Silicon, Beryllium, Aluminium, Baryum • Antimony, Arsenic, Lithium, Vanadium • Lead • Silver, Gold, Platinum • Thallium, Bismuth, Germanium, Titanium

  17. Na, K, Cl • NaCl 0.15 mol/l (0.9 % = 154 mmol/l) • Ionts • Na mmol/l: plasma 136 - 145, ICW 12 • K mmol/l: plasma 3.5 – 5.1, ICW 156 • Cl mmol/l: plasma 98 – 107, ICW 4 • Gastric HCl: 0.1 mol/l

  18. Physiological values • Reference values, mean, 2SD, 5-95 % • Distribution of the data • Biological variability, inter a intra individual • Circadiann rhytms, variation – day, season

  19. Chromium in the blood binds: • A) chromoglobulin • B) chromodulin • C) glucuronide • D) microalbumin

  20. Which of the following proteins incorporates copper into its structure? • A) albumin • B) creatine kinase • C) haptoglobin • D) ceruloplasmin

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