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Animal Nutrition

Animal Nutrition . BSAA. Intro:. The reason that it is important to know about nutrients is because an animal that is lacking in one or more will never grow properly and will be more susceptible to diseases. Applicable to livestock and to family pets. Objectives. Nutrition:.

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Animal Nutrition

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  1. Animal Nutrition BSAA

  2. Intro: • The reason that it is important to know about nutrients is because an animal that is lacking in one or more will never grow properly and will be more susceptible to diseases. • Applicable to livestock and to family pets

  3. Objectives

  4. Nutrition: • Nutrition is the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients from food. • Nutrition is responsible for: • Growth • Reproduction • Performance of all body functions • By providing the energy or the fuel for all these functions. • Energy comes directly from food OR from energy that is stored in our cells

  5. Domestication changes things: • In the wild, horses are continual grazers- they spend most of their time searching for food, • Domesticated horses spend more of their time inside or in confined pastures and have access only to foods that are fed to them or found in their pasture. • It is important that we feed a ration with all necessary nutrients because the animals are restricted from searching for what they would otherwise need. • Horses eating a whole in the ground

  6. Rations: • Ration: a specific type and amount of feed that is fed to an animal • Maintenance ration: a ration with the level of nutrients needed by the animal to maintain body weight, not lose or gain weight is met. • Non-reproducing animals (males in off season) • Non-worked animals (horses, dogs, etc) • Non-growing animals

  7. When does the level of nutrients needed change? • The level of nutrients that an animal requires are increased when: • Reproducing (male and female) • Working • Growing

  8. There are 6 classes of nutrients: • They are divided into 2 groups: • Organic: contain carbon • Inorganic: no carbon

  9. Energy Source: Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats • Structure: Water, Proteins, and minerals • Regulatory: water, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

  10. Nutrients provide: • Animals need certain amounts of each of these classes of nutrients to be healthy • Each class has a function in the animal’s metabolism: all the chemical and physical process that take place in the animals body. • These processes are what provide the energy for all body functions and activity.

  11. Water: • Most abundant nutrient on the planet • Most critical nutrient, but often overlooked until harm is done • Largest component of the body: • 90% embryo Blood 90% • 70% newborn Milk 88% • 60% adult ( a loss of 20% =death) Fat 40% • Muscle 70% Bone 25-40% • Teeth (dentine) 2-4%

  12. Functions of Water: • basis for all body fluids: blood, milk, joint fluid • serves as a medium for chemical reactions: digesting other nutrients, etc • allows cells to maintain their shape • Thermo regulator: helps body remain at constant temp: sweating/panting moisture evaporates from the skin and lungs to cool animal.

  13. Functions of water, cont • Washes waste from the body • Produce milk • Hearing (tympanic fluid) • CNS

  14. Where do animals get water? • As a rule animals need about 3 lbs of water per 1 lb they eat (1 gal=8.34 lbs) about 1/3 gal • If an animal eats 6 lbs of grain, and 3 lbs of hay, how much water do they need if not expending energy? • 27 lbs or 3 gallons • Some of the water is in the feed: • Immature grass 80% water • Silage 50-70% water • Hay and grain 14% water

  15. Factors Affecting the intake of water: • Ambient Temperature • (the hotter the weather, the more water) • Water Temperature • (the hotter the water, the less they drink) • 1000 lb, non lactating cow on a 50 degree day drinks about 8-12 gallons • same cow on a 90 degree day drinks about 16-25 gallons (2X)

  16. Factors Affecting the intake of water: • Lactation • Dairy cow drinks 4-5 lbs of water per 1 lb. of milk • So average cow produces 80 lbs milk per day, needs 320 lbs of water. (40-50 gallons) • Type of feed: • dry, wet, mineral content (salt) • Large animal usually 10 gal (on average day) • Small: sheep, goat, pig 2-3 gal

  17. Energy Feed Carbs, Fats and Protiens

  18. Terminology • Calorie, (cal)- the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius • Kilocal 1,000 calories • Mega calorie, 1,000,000 calories.

  19. Terminology • Gross Energy (GE)- the total amount of heat released when a substance is completely oxidized in a bomb calorimeter. • Digestible Energy (DE)- The gross energy of feed consumed minus the gross energy excreted in the feces. • Metabolizable Energy (ME)- The gross energy of the feed minus the energy in the feces, urine, and gaseous product of digestion.

  20. Terminology • Heat Increment (HI)- that portion of the ME which is used for digestion or metabolism of absorbed nutrients into body tissue. • Net Energy, (NE)- the metabolizable energy minus the heat increment. Used for growth, maintenance, production, work, fetal development and heat production.

  21. Energy Nutrients • Carbohydrates and lipids ( fats and oils) are the major sources of energy in livestock rations. • Carbohydrates are the most important because they are readily available, easily digested & lower in cost. • Proteins are seldom fed for their energy content because of the higher cost of this source.

  22. Carbohydrates • Organic compounds made of carbon,( C ), Hydrogen (H), & Oxygen (O). • Main source of energy (65-80% dry matter) • Carbohydrates are found in plants • starch, sugars, hemicellulose, cellulose, pectin's, gums, & lignin. • Sugars are the most easily digested • cellulose and lignin are more difficult. (need bacterial help) • Carbohydrates in the feed are changed to simpler forms.

  23. Carbs • Responsible for: • Maintenance: all voluntary and involuntary muscle functions (walking, breathing, digestion, blood vessels, etc) • Growth (meat and wool) • Reproduction • Eggs and milk production • Work

  24. Carbohydrates • 2 Types= • Sugars, starches • Found in grains, seeds, roots • Fibers • Leaf and stem of the plant (hay/alfalfa, pasture grasses) • Only ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) and modified mono-gastrics (horses, rabbits) gain benefits from eating hay/grass because they have microbes to digest cellulose.

  25. Carbs in Horses • Main source of energy • Simple carbs (sugars, starch) are digested in the stomach and absorbed in the small intestines • Complex carbs (cellulose) are digested in the cecum and absorbed in the LI • *lactose- milk sugars are tolerated by horses up to 3yrs old. Over that it upsets their digestive system

  26. Lipids: Fats

  27. Lipids • Do not dissolve in water, but will in organic solvents • Fats, oils, and cholesterols (both animal and plant produce cholesterols) • Provides a source of energy for animals and storage of energy when an animal eats more energy than it needs to provide for all the needed body functions. • Stored as fat: when the animal needs more energy because it isn’t in the ration, it will draw from fat stores.

  28. Lipids • Form hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, oxytocin, etc) • **Human females that don’t menstruate because they lack enough body fat is because they aren’t producing estrogen because there isn’t enough fat to form it.

  29. Lipids • Found in oil seeds grains (cottonseed, peanut, soybean, etc) • Highest energy content. • 2X more than carbs and proteins

  30. Functions: • Aids in absorption of some vitamins (ADEK) • Protects and cushions organs • Storage of fat in muscle: marbling

  31. Protein

  32. PROTEIN: • 12-20% of the ration • most expensive component of feed • composed of amino acids: “Building blocks of life” • responsible for building and forming tissues that provide growth (muscles, enzymes, hormones) • Some animals need more than others • Growing, young animals (skin, hair, muscle, etc) • Lactating animals

  33. Most feed stuffs or feed components have protein, but not all have the same amount: • Cereal grains like wheat, corn, oats, etc don’t have much protein (8%) compared to oil bearing grains like cottonseed, soybeans, peanuts (45%). • EX. Yellow corn has 8%, but a growing foal needs 20% therefore there needs to be an additional source of protein in the diet. • Crude Protein (CP) refers to the total protein in the feed.

  34. Effects of Energy Deficiency • Slow growth of young. • A delay in the onset of puberty. • A decrease in milk yield in lactating females. • A shortened lactation period. • A loss in body weight. • Several kinds of reproductive problems including reduced fertility and delayed estrus.

  35. Effects of Energy Deficiency • A lowered resistance to disease. • Weakness, generally poor condition, and unthrifty appearance.

  36. Vitamins

  37. Vitamins • Essential in the proper digestion and utilization of carbs, fats, and proteins • Help enzymes function properly/ chemical reactions • Required in very small amounts • 15 different vitamins are recognized to exist and have specific functions in animal metabolism • the animal’s body can produce some of the vitamins on its own

  38. Source of Vitamins: • Plants • Solubility: capacity to dissolve • vitamins are classified according to their ability to dissolve in either fat or water.

  39. FAT soluble vitamins (ADEK) • Absorption involves their movement with fatty acids across the intestinal wall. • To be transported to the cells, fat soluble vitamins must be able to dissolve into the blood stream so they attach to something called a lipoprotein that allows them to be moved through the blood. • Stored in the body reserves of fat and therefore are more plentiful than water soluble.

  40. Water Soluble Vitamins • B complex, C • absorbed directly into the bloodstream where they move freely in the blood. • Not stored in the body, they will pass through and be excreted. Must be feed daily.

  41. Vitamin A • Fat soluble • Needed for vision • Epithelial cells of the body • reproductive tracts of the male and female • fat metabolism

  42. Vitamin D “Sunshine Vitamin” • Fat soluble • Aids in Ca absorption • Calcium deposits in the bone • Storages of carbs in the liver and cells • Excretion of excess protein through the kidneys • Deficiencies: bone disorders, rickets

  43. Vitamin E • Fat Soluble • Antioxidant (picks up free radicals in the body, prevent cancer?) • Helps to maintain blood capillaries • Works with selenium (mineral) to prevent white muscle disease (kills muscles in young) • Deficiencies:

  44. Vitamin K: • Coagulation of blood • Found in the liver

  45. Vitamin C: • Ascorbic acid • Mineral deposition in bones (cartilage, teeth) • Healing wounds • Antioxidant • Absorption of iron • Not added to rations, animals will synthesize • Deficiencies: (HUMANS) Scurvy, weakness, loose teeth, capillary break, tender joints

  46. Vitamins B: • Breaks down ingested proteins and amino acids and recombines them to from the muscle tissues • Found in animal tissues to releases Energy from carbs, fats, and proteins • Maintain the nervous system • Some stimulate appetite: supplements will be given during

  47. Minerals

  48. Macro Minerals are: • Calcium Ca Sodium Na • Magnesium Mg • Phosphorus P Chlorine Cl • Potassium K Sulfur S • **Ca:P ratio is very important in animals

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