Cells and Cell Functions: A Comprehensive Guide

1. CH 3 CELLS Cells are the smallest units of life

2. The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function. • Cells are produced only from existing cells.

3. Unicellular creatures have 1 cell Multicellular creatures have 2 or more cells All living things have cells

4. Cell Types

5. Prokaryotic(Pre) ( Nucleus) • Always single-celled • Lacks organelles • Few specialized functions • Bacteria are the onlygroup of organisms that are prokaryotic!!!

6. Eukaryotic(True) ( Nucleus) • Single-celled or multi-celled • Has many organelles • Specialized functions EX: nerve cells: for transmitting info • All other living things EX: (Plants, Animals, Fungi) Nerve Cell

7. Which type of cell is this one?

8. Which type is this one?

9. CELLS: skin cells What do you think these cells are? fat cells Nerve cell Egg cell with sperm surrounding it muscle cells plant cells

10. Cell Organelles little “organs” that have specific jobs in a cell

11. A cell is like a cell phone factory

12. CELL MEMBRANE Function:controls what goes in & out & makes cells waterproof Facts: • Selectively Permeable: only lets certain things enter or leave • Made of Phospholipid Bilayer • Made of lipids & proteins • Double layer Analogy: Main gate/security booth phospholipid cell membrane

13. cytoskeleton cytoplasm CYTOPLASM Function: Prevents cell from collapsing Facts: • fluid inside the membrane • made of water, sugar, protein, etc. • “framework” called a cytoskeleton Analogy: Floor of the Factory

14. NUCLEUS Function: Stores genetic information (DNA) Facts: • most but not all cells have a nucleus Analogy: CEO/Boss of the factory

15. Chromatin Function:Is the Genetic information FACTS: • Made of Nucleic Acids • Unorganized form of DNA • Becomes Chromosomes during cell division Analogy: Blueprints for the cell phones

16. Ribosomes Function: makes proteins Facts: • found on rough ER Analogy: factory workers who build the cell phones

17. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function: passageway for supplies to move about the cell Facts: • Also makes lipids & carbs Analogy: Assembly line

18. Golgi apparatus Function: prepares proteins and other molecules for shipping outside of the cell. Facts: • The more molecules a cell makes the bigger the Golgi Analogy: packaging center for cell phones

19. Mitochondria Function: makes energy for cells Facts: changes Glucose from food into fuel called ATP Analogy: generator for factory

20. Lysosomes Function: digests old cell parts Facts: • Filled with enzymes that break down large molecules • Only in animal cells Analogy: Janitors

21. Centrioles Function: move and organize chromosomes during cell division Facts: • Only in animal cells Analogy: filing cabinet for blueprints

22. Chloroplast Function: makes energy for plant cells Facts: • Site of photosynthesis • Uses sunlight to change water & Carbon Dioxide into Glucose and Oxygen Analogy: solar panels Only in Plant Cells

23. CELL WALL Function: Gives structure & support to plant cells Facts: • helps plant to grow upright (stiff) • Is outside the membrane • In bacteria and plant cells Analogy: Factory building wall

24. VACUOLE Function: Stores water & nutrients Facts: • Large and in the center in plant cells • Many small ones in animal cells • keeps plants from drying out Analogy: Break room Refrigerator

25. The Differences ANIMAL CELL Roundish Lysosomes Centrioles PLANT CELL Squarish Chloroplast Cell Wall Central Vacuole

26. Cell energy • All nutrients must be broken down to GLUCOSE. • Breakdown of nutrients to glucose is done by enzymes

27. Plants Animals Make glucose through Photosynthesis Get glucose from food Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration and ATP Production

28. WHERE: Chloroplast WHO: plant cells WHY: turns water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen! WHEN: in the presences of light energy (sun) Photosynthesis

29. Light Dependent Reactions • Light is absorbed by chlorophyll • Light splits water into H2 and O • Energy from this split is used to make ATP

30. Dark Reactions “Calvin Cycle” Steps • Energy from ATP used to make sugar (C6H12O6) from H2O & CO2 • Oxygen is “leftover”

31. Equation Light energy +6 CO2 + 6 H2OC6H12O6+ 6O2 GLUCOSE ( Monosaccharide sugar)

32. Where did they Go? 6H2O Reactants 6 CO2 Products C6H12O6 6O2

33. The Big Picture

34. Cell Respiration WHERE: MITOCHONDRIA WHO: All Eukaryotic Cells WHY: to turn sugar (glucose) into fuel (ATP)

35. Equation C6H12O6+ 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O and 36 ATP carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers”

36. Two Types Aerobic • Most Eukaryotic cells • needs oxygen • makes 36 ATP • 3 steps Fermentation • Yeast & Bacteria • If oxygen isn’t available • only makes 2 ATP • (ok for small things) • This is how we make bread, yogurt, beer wine!

37. It’s a 3 STEP PROCESS Why:to slowly release energy without heating up the cell too much! • Glycolysis: Happens in the cytoplasm to break down glucose • All living things do glycolysis • Krebs Cycle: In the mitochondria, makes a few ATP (not efficient) • Electron Transport: In the mitochondria, makes a lot of ATP

38. denosine ATP ri- hosphate

39. The Big Picture • All nutrients must be broken down to Glucose • Glucose must be converted to ATP ANALOGY: Money  Tokens

40. Adenosine Triphosphate • The main energy molecule in organisms • Energy is held in the Chemical Bonds • Breaking a bond releases energy • ATPADP • Making a bond stores energy • ADP ATP

41. ATP Energy from food Energy for Cells ADP

42. Cellular Energy in the form of ATPgets used to drive cell processes EX: Cell Division Cell Transport

43. Cell Transport

44. Several items make Cell Transport possible The Phospholipids ( Cell Membrane) A Concentration Gradient Selective Permeability Membrane Bound Proteins

45. Selectively Permeability: A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others. Concentration gradient:The difference in the amount of solution on each side of a cell membrane

46. HEAD LOVES WATER: hydrophilic TAIL HATES WATER: hydrophobic The Phospholipid Hydro: Water Philia: Love Phobia: Fear or Hate Heads out, Tails in… the membrane forms a Bi-layer (2)

47. Passive Transport Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Need Channel Proteins No ATP Active Transport Needs Carrier Proteins Requires ATP Endocytosis Exocytosis Types of Cellular Transport

48. Help + = Passive transport Diffusion:The tendency of a substance to move from an area of highconc. to an area of low conc. across a membrane in which the cell expends no energy. (sliding down a slide) Facilitated Diffusion: the process of transporting molecules by channel proteins during diffusion, requires no energy output (someone else carrying you down the slide)

49. Active transport Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from lowconc. to highconc.) using carrierproteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP. (walking up the slide)

50. Types of Active Transport Exocytosis: The release of materials out of the cell (pooping) Endocytosis The taking of materials from outside the cell (eating)