Patterns of Development in Writing

1. Patterns of Development in Writing By: Joy DIscaya

2. What do you see in the image?

3. What do you see in the image?

4. Patterns of Development •The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development. •The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.

5. Patterns of Development •There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. In determining the pattern of development of ideas in a text, note the signal words used.

6. Three (3) General Disciplines that require Academic Writing: 1. Sciences ▪ Academic writing in the sciences is mainly done to inform the readers or to persuade them (by supporting a claim). ▪For whatever reason, the information you will present must be based on verifiable data gathered through research or experimentation.

7. Three (3) General Disciplines that require Academic Writing: ▪Writing in the sciences requires precision in the use of terminology, simple and direct language, objectivity, and clarity. ▪All information must be well supported by evidence and reliable sources. ▪ Some examples of writing genres in the sciences are laboratory reports, research papers, and journal articles.

8. Three (3) General Disciplines that require Academic Writing: 2. Humanities ▪This discipline deals with the study of the human culture and experience. ▪Some of the specific disciplines under the humanities are literature, languages, philosophy, music, history, art and theology. ▪ The common writing genres in the humanities include literature reviews, book reports, literary analyses, essays, critical reviews, and argumentative papers.

9. Three (3) General Disciplines that require Academic Writing: 3. Business ▪is often audience-centered and action-oriented. Business papers aim to motivate a specific audience to perform an action. ▪Writing in business includes documents (e.g. memos, claim letters), economic research papers, resumés, school application essays, scholarship application letters, and business proposals. ▪Writing in business requires you to have a specific purpose and target audience in mind.

10. Writing Patterns •What are the patterns of development in writing across disciplines?

11. Writing Patterns •Last night, I was walking on my way home when it suddenly rained. I forgot to bring my umbrella, so I ran to avoid getting completely soaked in the rain. Not seeing where I was going, I fell into a paddle of water. Then a guy helped me stand up. When I looked up, I recognized him. Momentarily, I forgot that I was soaking wet and that I was very cold. He offered to walk me home, and I just nodded. The next day, he and I saw each other at school. At last, we talked like old friends.

12. Writing Patterns •1. Narration/Chronology/Procedure

13. Narration/Chronology/Procedure Signal Words first, second, third, then, soon, finally, and etc.

14. Narration/Chronology/Procedure ▪tells a story. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending. ▪A narrative paragraph contains action verbs and transition words that indicate time or sequence. Narration is usually used in the humanities.

15. Narration/Chronology/Procedure ▪A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to time. ▪It can either be in the form of a narration or a process. ▪ A narration sequences events in the order in which they occurred to time.

16. Narration/Chronology/Procedure ▪while a process organizes details based on the stages or steps..

19. How would you describe your ideal person?

20. Writing Patterns •Description

21. Description •gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. •It appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject.

22. Description •A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, which chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader. Literary analyses, descriptive essays, business plans, lab reports, and research papers are some examples of writing descriptive paragraphs. are carefully genres that use

23. Description •gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, subject. or feel the

24. Description •A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader. Literary analyses, descriptive essays, business plans, lab reports, and research papers are some examples of writing genres that use descriptive paragraphs.

25. Description •A descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensory •or spatial pattern. Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of •the five senses.

26. Description ▪The most important elements of this pattern are the types of description used (i.e., evocative or informational; spatial or sensory), the clustering of details, and the progression of description.

27. Signal Words for Description pattern ▪above, across, adjacent to, against, along, alongside, amidst, around, away from, back of, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, farther, here, in, in front of, inside, into, near, off, on, on top of, onto, opposite to, outside, over, throughout, to the right, under

28. Guide Questions: ▪What does it look like? ▪What are its characteristics?

29. Example ▪The tarsier has soft, greyish fur. It has bat- like ears and a long, rat-like tail. It only stands about 100 millimetres. Furthermore, it feeds on insects like crickets, beetles, and termites; and on small animals, too, like lizards, frogs, and small birds.

31. • "Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat. He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands. Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my friends. After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits."

33. Writing Activity •Compose a one-paragraph essay using description pattern in developing your paragraph.

34. Definition •explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is to tell what something is. It consists of three parts: (1) the term, concept, or subject to be defined, • (2) the general class to which it belongs, and • (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of its development is commonly humanities, and business. class. used This in pattern the of sciences,

35. Definition •Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?” This pattern explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples, and descriptions. It may also include one or more different patterns.

36. 3. Definition •Take note of the word to be defined and the detailed explanation of the term, as these are the most important parts of this pattern. The following signal words will also help you in identifying this pattern: is defined as, as defined, meant, refers to, to define, to illustrate

37. 4. Comparison and Contrast •are disciplines like the humanities, sciences, and business. Such paragraphs can be found in character analyses; various kinds of essays; political science, sociology, and historical papers; lab reports; progress reports; book and film reviews; and marketing campaigns. common in writing many academic

38. 4. Comparison and Contrast •A paragraph developed by comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or purpose. •Also, it must be balanced in such a way that there is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.

39. 4. Comparison and Contrast •A ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another. There are two ways on how ideas can be arranged: involves describing one item first followed by the second item; or side -by-side, which means discussing both items based on each point of comparison. comparison-and-contrast pattern organizes separately, which

40. Comparison and Contrast •A paragraph developed by comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or purpose. •Also, it must be balanced in such a way that there is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.

41. 3. Comparison and Contrast • Concentrate on the most important parts of a comparison-contrast pattern; the purpose of comparison, points of comparison, and the actual similarities and differences of the items being compared. The following signal words will help in identifying such pattern: (for comparing) also, as, both, equally, in a similar fashion, in comparison, in the same way, like, likewise, similarly, to compare; (for contrasting) although, and yet, as opposed to, but, conversely, counter to, despite, even so, even though, in contrast, in spite of, in the meantime, instead, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, still, the fact remains, unlike, whereas, yet

42. 5. Exemplification •Exemplification – is one of the most common and effective ways to show or explain an idea or point (e.g. observation, opinion, belief). In this pattern of development, the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples.

43. 5. Exemplification •Many disciplines exemplification. exemplification essays, feature articles, reviews, reports, and case studies often use examples to prove a point. writing assignments require Argumentative in various use the of and

44. 5. Exemplification •An exemplification pattern presents the general statement provides specific examples to expound on the main idea. Simply put, this pattern is used to provide an example of something. and concrete then and

45. 5. Exemplification •Pay attention to the main idea and the specific examples, as these are the most important parts of this pattern. The following signal words will also help you in identifying this pattern: after all, as an example, consider the following, for example, for instance, in other words, in particular, in short, namely, put another differently, that is, to be specific, to clarify, to illustrate way, specifically, stated

46. 6. Cause and Effect •A cause is simply “why something happens,” and an effect is “what happens.” Together, they can be used development in writing. With the cause-and- effect pattern, the writer can explain how an event or action leads to another. as a pattern of

47. 6. Cause and Effect •The following words can be used to signal cause and effect: (cause) as a result, accordingly, because of (this), due to (this), consequently, hence, therefore, thus; (effect) accordingly, as a consequence, as a result (of this), because (of this), consequently, for this reason, hence, in consequence, so, so much (so) that, so that, therefore, thus.

48. 6. Cause and Effect •A based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon. This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes only, or the effects only. cause-and-effect pattern organizes details

49. 6. Cause and Effect •When reading this type of pattern, focus on and take note of the following elements the purpose of the text, the relationship between causes and effects, and the potential causal fallacies or illogical arguments. The following signal words will help you in recognizing these patterns: as, because (of the fact), being that, due to (the fact that), for, for the reason that, in that, in view of (the fact), inasmuch as, one reason, owing to (the fact), seeing that, since.