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Detergent Industries

Detergent Industries. Enzymes in washing powders. The word detergent means ‘something that cleans’ e.g. soaps washing up liquid washing powder. Biological washing powders. Biological washing powders contain enzymes.

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Detergent Industries

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  1. Detergent Industries

  2. Enzymes in washing powders The word detergent means ‘something that cleans’ e.g. soaps washing up liquid washing powder

  3. Biological washing powders Biological washing powders contain enzymes. Enzymes are chemicals that improve the way in which the powder cleans.

  4. What is biological washing powder made of? Biological washing powder is made up of: • 1%enzymes • 99%water softeners bleach other chemicals(to help water get into the clothes)

  5. Where do the enzymesin washing powder come from? • Bacteria are tiny organisms found almost everywhere on Earth. • Scientists found bacteria that were harmless and produced enzymes that could be used in washing powders. • Large numbers of these bacteria grow (cultured) very quickly in huge industrial fermenters that give the best conditions for growth. • Enzymes produced are then separated from the bacteria and used to make biological washing powder.

  6. The use of enzymes in washing powders Enzymes in washing powders digest the stains on clothes like enzymes in the gut digest food. Different enzymes digest different stains. • Fat digesting enzymes digest fatty stains. • Proteindigesting enzymes digest proteinstains. Enzymes make up a small part of powder but a large part of the cleaning power!

  7. Comparing biological and non-biological washing powders • Biological washing powders contain enzymes. • Non-biological washing powders do not contain enzymes. • This experiment compares the ability of these two types of washing powder to remove different stains

  8. Comparing bio and non-bio washing powders Warm water + bio powder Warm water +non- bio powder Stained cloth Stained cloth

  9. Disadvantage of biological washing powders • Original biological washing powders sometimes caused an allergic reaction in some people. • This caused skin rashes, eczema and asthma. • New powders are now produced with enzymes enclosed in a harmless waxy coating. • This helps to prevent allergic reactions. (Activity 3.3)

  10. Advantages of biological washing powders (Activity 3.4) • Adding enzymes to biological washing powders means cleanerclothes (stains are digested). 2. Work best at low temperatures 40oC - 55oC (temperatures above 60oC destroy enzymes) so need to heat clothes to high temperatures to get them clean-saves energy and money. 3. Lower temperature used with biological washing powders reduce damage to delicate fabrics.

  11. Environmental Impact : Monitoring Waste Making detergent uses energy for: • Production • Packaging • Transporting But most energy is used in the home for: • The wash cycle • Tumble drying • Ironing

  12. Detergents and energyActivity 3.5 To provide all the energy needed power stations burn coal, oil or gas. This gives off carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide that pollute the atmosphere. Low temperature wash = less energy good for public and environment!!

  13. One manufacturer of detergents has set targets for waste management: • Reduce weight and volume of packing • Use reusable materials • Encourage recycling programmes • Encourage safe disposal practises New ‘Micro’ powders and liquids use less packaging and powder for each wash.

  14. Detergents and the Environment (Activity 3.6) • Detergents are flushed away as waste water and can pollute the environment. • Detergents can be toxic (poisonous) to wildlife. • Manufacturers test products to check they won’t harm fish or other living organisms in rivers.

  15. Detergents containing phosphates and sulphates pollute river Tiny plants (algae) reproduce quickly to form ‘bloom’ Algae die Bacteria feed on dead algae Number of bacteria increases Bacteria use up oxygen in water Fish and animals die

  16. Reducing Environmental Impact • Detergents in water tested at sewage works in mini sewage plants • Sewage plants could remove the phosphates and sulphates to reduce environmental impact • Using low phosphate detergents can also reduce environmental impact

  17. Washing clothes in other countries (Activity 3.7) • Most people in the world wash clothes by hand • Washing machines in other countries are different from those in the UK • In the USA washing machines are bigger and use more water • In Japan and Taiwan washing machines do not heat the water. Clothes are pre-soaked and washed more often

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