Warm-ups Earth Science

1. Warm-ups Earth Science Quarter 1

2. Warm-up #1- Copy This in your Warm-up section in your notebook • What is Earth science? • geology or a similar earth-related science: a science that deals with the Earth's physical properties, structure, or development, e.g. geology

3. Warm-up #2 • What is the scientific Method? • The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. • The steps of the scientific method are to: • Ask a Question • Do Background Research • Construct a Hypothesis • Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment • Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion • Communicate Your Results

4. Warm-up #3 • Problem- A scientific question that can be answered through experimenting. • To be written in the form of a question • Must end in a question mark • Must contain both variables • Hypothesis- An educated (not wild) guess or prediction to the answer of the problem question. • Must written as an “If …..then” statement • Must be based on research or prior knowledge (the IF part) • Must predict an outcome to the experiment (the THEN part)

5. Warm-up #4 • Procedure- The directions to completing the experiment • Must be specific enough for someone to complete the experiment as intended by the author. • Must be written as a vertical list (not a paragraph)

6. Warm-up #5 • Observations- informationgathered from using the senses • Should be recorded to communicate findings of the experiment • Should avoid inferring when recording observations • DATA- is an organized presentation of observations • Tables, charts, graphs organize numerical or quantitative data • Data that is measured • Common in physical and earth science

7. Warm-up #6 • Conclusions- A statement that uses the data to solve or answer the problem question. • Must be written in COMPLETE sentences • Must restate the hypothesis • Must refer to the data and use items from the data as examples in order to support the solution statement • Must accept or reject the hypothesis

8. Warm-up #7 • Explain how longitude and latitude are used to locate a point on Earth. Latitude is a measurement of the distance of a point north or south of the equator. Longitude is a measurement of the distance of a point east or west of the prime meridian. Together, these two measurements give the exact location of a point on earth

9. Warm-up #8 • Identify the four main Earth systems? • The hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere

10. Warm-up #9 • Compare and contrast the atmosphere to the hydrosphere. How are they similar? How are they different? • Both the atmosphere and the hydrosphere contain water. The water in the hydrosphere is a liquid, while the water in the atmosphere is a gas. Much of the water from the hydrosphere flows over the Earth’s solid surface. Similarly, the atmosphere floats/flows over the surface. Both the hydrosphere and the atmosphere are necessary for life on earth.

11. Warm-up #10 What is a mineral? naturally occurring inorganic It is a definite chemical composition substance which has a What would be the opposite of this? man-made organic random composition

12. Warm-up #11 Give an example of two minerals which have the same chemical composition but different physical properties graphite & diamond

13. Warm-up #12 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Color a poor indicator minerals can be multiple colors many minerals are the same color

14. Warm-up #13 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Luster how light reflects off a mineral metallic non-metallic looks like a metal looks earthy, waxy, greasy or brilliant

15. Warm- up #14What are Rocks? • A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter • Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture • Rocks change over time through the rock cycle

16. Warm-up #15Igneous Rocks • Igneous rock begins as magma. • Magma can form: • When rock is heated • When pressure is released • When rock changes composition • Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C • Magma is a mixture of many minerals http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm

17. Warm-up #16Igneous Rocks • Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface • Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t

18. Warm-up #17Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion • Sediments are moved from one place to another • Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones • on the bottom • The layers become compacted and cemented together http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm

19. Warm-up #18Metamorphic Rock • Meaning to change shape • Changes with temperature • and pressure, but remains • solid • Usually takes place deep in • the Earth http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm

20. Warm-up #19What is an earthquake? • Used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip • Caused by volcanic or magmatic activity, • Caused by other sudden stress changes in the earth.

21. Warm-up #20 • Earthquakes are short-lived episodes of ground shaking produced when blocks of Earth suddenly shift. • They typically last for a few seconds (small earthquakes) to several minutes (largest earthquakes) and • produce several types of seismic waves that propagate through the Earth. • Most earthquakes are caused indirectly by plate tectonics

22. Three Types of Faults Strike-Slip Thrust Normal

23. Warm-up #21What causes earthquakes? • Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes the rock to deform • Plastic deformation – does not cause earthquakes • Elastic deformation – rock stretches then reaches a breaking point, releasing energy.

24. Warm-up #22Comparing Seismic Waves

25. Warm-up #23Surface Waves • Move along the Earth’s surface • Produces motion in the upper crust • Motion can be up and down • Motion can be around • Motion can be back and forth • Travel more slowly than S and P waves • More destructive

26. Warm-up #24 • Definition of a volcano: an opening in the surface of the Earth through which magma erupts (as lava or • pyroclastic fragments). A volcano is underlain by a magma chamber, a reservoir that stores magma • before it rises as an eruption. • Not all volcanoes erupt lava; some erupt rock and magma fragments (pyroclasts); some erupt gases.

27. Earthquake Waves & Earth’s InteriorWarm-up #25

28. WARM-UP #26What is a volcano? • A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock (magma) from within the Earth’s crust to the Earth's surface. • The volcano includes the surrounding cone of erupted material. vent cone conduit magma chamber

29. Warm-up #27How and why do volcanoes erupt? • Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface. • Same principle as hot air rising, e.g. how a hot air balloon works • When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H2O, CO2, S) it has in it as to how it erupts. • Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption! • Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap. • Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive eruption • Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow).

30. Warm-up #28Explosive Eruptions • Explosive volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic • Erupt 10’s-1000’s km3 of magma • Send ash clouds >25 km into the stratosphere • Have severe environmental and climatic effects • Hazardous!!! Mt. Redoubt Above: Large eruption column and ash cloud from an explosive eruption at Mt Redoubt, Alaska