Understanding Immunity: Body's Defense Against Invading Organisms

1. Immunity Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms. Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encounters Artificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations Non-specific immunity 1. Anatomical barriers 2. Phagocytosis 3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.) 4. Inflammatory responses (histamines) Specific immunity 1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms 2. Acquired via previous infection 3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction

2. Immunologic Defense Non-Specific Anatomical Barriers (skin, mucous membranes) Mechanical (coughing, sneezing) Phagocytosis Antimicrobial Inflamatory Response Specific Humoral: B Cells (memory, mature) -> antibodies (faster) Cell-Mediated: Macrophage -> TH --> Tc, B, NK->TH -> Stops reaction (slower) White blood cell (macrophage) attacking anthrax bacilli (in orange)

3. Diseases of the Immune System AIDS: Retards T-cell production Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth. Leukemia—white blood cells overproduce. Other cancers may be immune-based. Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks healthy tissue. a. Triggered by bacterial infection, mimics legit. substances b. Aggravated by stress c. Examples: MS, Lupus, arthritis

4. Sylvia’s Interesting Day Sylvia stepped outside, took a deep breath of air, inhaled oxygen and exhaled __________. It felt so good she did it again and again and again, air entering her nose and mouth, then her ________ then her trachea. She did it so often she suffered a bout of _______ , or too much oxygen. “I hope I don’t have influenza which is a VIRAL or a BACTERIAL infection! To calm down she ate three Double Whoppers in 5 minutes. The nutrients were absorbed by the ________ tract. But she now felt ill, and rushed to the bathroom with a nasty case of _____enteritis. She resumed her walk, and a stranger approached her and asked if she would want a free ride in the Goodyear Blimp. CO2 Pharanx, larynx hyperventilation digestive gastro

5. Sylvia’s Interesting Day, continued brain gut It seemed like a good offer, but the _______ in the ____, or neurogasterology, gave her a bad feeling, so she said no. She was so relieved by her wise choice that she exercised her kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra—in other words, her _______ system. Hmm, she thought, what about my other choices? Was it wise to have a pet mosquito, which is a __________ form of disease transmission? Well, I did get a malaria vaccine, which offers NATURAL or ARTIFICIAL immunity. This targets the malaria bacteria, and provides NON-SPECIFIC or SPECIFIC immunity. “Good thing I ate only half the required malaria pills, so I save more for next time” said Sylvia, showing classic _________________. At this point, Sylvia’s friends showed up. They all had yogurt. The friends and the yogurt caused __________________ to grow in Sylvia’s gut, and led to POSITIVE or NEGATIVE moods. renal biological Non compliance bacteria

6. Class 4 Symptoms

7. Symptom Defined What is a symptom? “A physical symptom … is a perception, feeling, or even belief about the state of our body. (It)… is often—but not always—based on physiological activity. Above all, a physical symptom …represents information about internal states.” Pennebaker, 1983, p.1.

8. Functions of Symptoms Why do we have symptoms? Sign that problem exists Provide clues to nature of problem Locate problem Provide means to inform others of problem Provide clues how to treat/respond to problem

9. The Psychology of Symptoms: Main Questions • When do we first notice symptoms? How do we know that a symptom is “happening”? • How do our beliefs about illness and our own bodies affect the way we interpret symptoms? • How well do perceived symptoms match up with actual physical states?

10. The Psychology of Symptoms: Main Questions • How do people categorize symptoms? • 5. How do people differ in the ways that they label symptoms? TYPE OF PERSON TYPE OF SYMPTOM

11. Labeling Symptoms Shortness of breath means? ____slow/labored ____rapid/shallow Tense muscles makes you think of? ___Back ___Shoulders ___Chest ____Legs "Dr., I have shortness of breath and muscle tension" could mean: Slow, labored breathing Rapid/shallow breathing Tense back, chest Tense shoulders, legs Slow, labored breathing Rapid/shallow breathing Tense shoulders, legs Tense back, chest

12. Who Are More Likely to Report Symptoms? Psychological Profiles Emotionality Coping style Demographics Age Sex Marital status Residential status Occupational status SES Race and culture Problem focused Emotion focused Anxiety, neuroticism, neg. affect Younger Older Men Women Married Never married Previously married Alone 2-3 others 4+ others Employed Unemployed Low SES High SES Irish > Italians, Blacks < Whites. Jews: danger, Yankees: be tough

13. Symptom Reporting: Number of, Attention to Symptoms X ____ Numbers of actual symptoms Rates of symptom reporting could be due to: X ____ Differential attention to symptoms X ____ Number + Attention

14. Perception of Symptoms Guided By Same Processes as Perception In General

15. Conditions of Perception Limited capacity to process information Info exists inside and outside person. Perception can be both passive and active Elements of Perception 1. Orienting: Does cue (event/sensation) get our attention Unique? Complex? Mobile? 2. Schemas: Expectations, pre-set ways of understanding events. 3. Inference: Drawing conclusions from available information

16. Schemas and Symptoms Schema: Concept or framework that helps interpret or organize information. Realtor House tour as a: Recall? Burglar PMS and expectations of PMS symptoms (Ruble, 1972) Women know about PMS and associated symptoms Women told period due in 2 days or in 10 days – in fact, all due in 7 days. All women asked “To what extent are you currently experiencing PMS?” Result? Women told period starts in 2 days report more current PMS symptoms

17. Inference and Symptoms: Combining Orientation and Schemas Inference: Drawing conclusion from symptoms, as guided by schemas. Schema? Orientation? Inference? I have a slight headache = Orientation Got new glasses; told might induce headache = Schema I probably have a headache b/c of new glasses = Inference Key terms: Orientation, Schema, Inference

18. Symptom Reporting and Competition of Cues Pennebaker Symptom perception = perception in general. Same processes. Orienting, Schemas, Inferences Humans have limited information processing capacity. Perception is both passive and active. Passive: Blue Toyota drives by, you notice it. Active: Uber driver will come by in blue Toyota Info exists inside and outside organism; all info (internal and external) used to understand events.

19. Perception is Driven By: Person's Plans, Expectations (D. Simons) Person's Physical State (D. Proffitt) Cue Salience (A. Triesman) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

20. Pennebaker Symptom and Exercise Studies How does attending to internal cues or external cues affect feelings of exertion during exercise? Symptom reporting is a function of (Internal Cues) ÷ (External Cues) Prediction: Exercise with fewer external distracters will lead to more attention to internal cues. Procedure Subjects all run same distance: oval track OR cross-country All Ss run same speed, but those on oval / x-country report more symptoms, OR All Ss report same symptoms, but oval / x-country run faster. Predictions Result? Cross-country run faster (9.2 min v. 10.1 min) no symptom diff.

21. Pennebaker Treadmill Study Design Problem with running study: did pace really differ b/c of attention to internal v. external cues? Treadmill study done to address this problem Ss run on treadmill, which keeps time and effort: constant Ss wear headphone, playing either: a. Themselves breathing b. Street sounds c. Nothing at all

22. Pennebaker Treadmill Study Results Conclusion: When exertion is held constant, Ss who focus on body (“breathing” condition) become more / less aware of their own physiological state.

23. Key Take Home Points from Running and Treadmill Studies No diffs. in NUMBER of symptoms reported, only in how much symptoms were noticed. This supports / doesn't support Pennebaker? Relevance of Pennebaker to health/physical symptoms. Who has more health complaints? ___ Depressed ___ Non-Depressed ___ Work/live alone ___ Work/live with few others X X Do professional athletes distract from / attend to internal states? ___ Distract ___ Attend X

24. Coughing Study Purpose: Can external cues distract people from internal reflex? Ss see movie. Portions of movie pre-rated for interestingness. Researchers count number of coughs at each 30 sec. portion.  1 = Boring 7 = Interesting  Predict? Fewer coughs at more interesting moments. Result Correlation of coughs to interestingness = -.57.

25. Emotion Dead-time Study Purpose: Do we need time to register threatening events as upsetting? Ss watch 5 min. shop safety film, finger chopped off by machine. Version 1. 0 sec. time gap between gory scene and next scene Version 2. 3 sec gap, time to reflect Version 3. 8 sec gap, even more time to reflect Warning vs. no warning conditions Half subs warned that about gory scene Half subs not warned.

26. Emotion Dead-time Study

27. Unconscious Awareness of Symptoms (Adams, 1980) Can we have symptoms that we feel, but subconsciously? Small balloon inserted into small intestine. Balloon inflated, EEG (cortex) is monitored Ss asked if they feel anything. Say "Nope", but EEG rises and falls with balloon inflation People can be trained to detect balloon inflation EEG: Electroencephalogram

28. Do Symptoms Affect Opinions? Dolf Zillman Ss work on treadmill, get physically worked-up. Ss rate how much they favor/disfavor politicians. Ss rate either: Group 1. Immediately after treadmill Group 2. 10 min. after treadmill Group 3. 20 min. after treadmill Which Group rates politicians most extremely? Group 2: still aroused, but not conscious of own arousal.

29. Do Symptoms Affect Opinions? Dolf Zillman Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

30. Symptoms, Misattribution, and Attraction ____Love Conquers All ____ The Rollercoaster From Hell ____ Harvey the Happy Hamster Which is the better movie to induce romantic attraction? X Swinging bridge study (Dutton & Aron,1974) 1. Male Ss cross / don't cross scary bridge 2. Ss then complete TAT cards with pretty experimenter. 3. Ss rate cards as more sexual if cross bridge. Why? 4. Ss more likely to phone experimenter for debriefing if crossed bridge.