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Atmosphere and Remote Sensing

Atmosphere and Remote Sensing. Phillip Park Marina Maya Perez Boachi,Dominic Hiebert,Samuel Lai,Andre Murguia,Silvia Myers,Evelyn. Air Quality . By: Marina Maya Perez. What’s air quality?. “Air quality” has various definitions that change over time:

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Atmosphere and Remote Sensing

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  1. Atmosphere and Remote Sensing Phillip Park Marina Maya Perez Boachi,Dominic Hiebert,Samuel Lai,Andre Murguia,Silvia Myers,Evelyn

  2. Air Quality By: Marina Maya Perez

  3. What’s air quality? • “Air quality” has various definitions that change over time: • A description of the healthiness of the air • A measure of the condition of the air • A measurement of the pollutants of the air

  4. How is air quality measured? The Air Quality Index indicates the pollutant levels in the air and can determine if it’s hazardous to human health. Index ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest concern)

  5. What’s in the air? The are many air pollutants present in at any given time.

  6. Air Pollutants The Clean Air Act identifies 6 criteria pollutants: • CO • NO2 • Pb • O3 • PM • SO2

  7. Remote Sensing & ground level monitoring determine what’s in the air.

  8. Satellites:Aura & MODIS Terra - MODIS Aura

  9. Ground level Monitoring

  10. The Clean Air Act • Federal law • First Environmental Law • Requires EPA involvement

  11. What is Ozone? • a highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms • both a natural and man-made products that occurs in the Earth’s upper atmosphere (the stratosphere-“good”) and lower atmosphere (the troposphere-“bad”)

  12. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

  13. Ground Level Ozone (Smog) • Created by chemical reactions from NOx and VOC in the presence of sunlight • Sources: emissions from industrial facilities, auto exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents

  14. Ozone Remote Sensing 1) Ground Based • Dobson Spectrometer • Developed in 1924 • 71 Dobson stations worldwide • Dobson Units (DU) • 1 DU = 0.01 mm thick/2.69x10^16 molecules • Avg. = 300 DU (3 mm thick) 2) Airborne • Balloons • Rockets • Aircraft

  15. Ozone Remote Sensor Cont. 3) Satellite Measurements • Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) • Determines the amount of ozone present in the ozone layer by reading “backscattered” UV light. • TOMS program closed in 2007 (measured ozone for 30 years) • Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) • Replaced TOMS • observe solar “backscatter” radiation in the visible and ultraviolet • Map ozone profiles at 36 x 48 km spatial resolution • ozone and other trace gases

  16. Ozone Levels – 3/1/14

  17. Atmospheric tide • The regular day/night cycle in the insolation of the atmosphere • The gravitational field pull of the Moon • Non-linear interactions between tides and planetary waves. • Large-scale latent heat release due to deep convection in the tropics. • Takes place in the Mesosphere and Thermosphere.

  18. Atmospheric tide

  19. Solar atmospheric tides

  20. TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)

  21. Lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) • Use Rayleigh and Mie Scattering with laser to find the condition in the atmosphere. • Measuring backscatter from the atmosphere • Measuring the scattered reflection off the ground (when the lidar is airborne) or other hard surface.

  22. Space weather • The space from the Sun's atmosphere to the Earth's atmosphere • Much of space weather is driven by energy carried through interplanetary space by the solar wind from regions near the surface of the Sun and the Sun's atmosphere • Sun Spots, Sun Flares

  23. Space weather • Aurora borealis, the northern lights, and aurora australis, the southern lights • Communication disruptions • Radiation hazards to orbiting astronauts and spacecraft • Current surges in power lines • Orbital degradation • Corrosion in oil pipelines

  24. Solar Wind

  25. Solar Flare

  26. Aurora Borealis

  27. How Solar Flares Affect Us

  28. Observations of space weather Observing space weather from the ground Neutron monitors Observing space weather with satellites Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)

  29. Remote Sensing and Weather By Sam Hiebert

  30. Source: http://a.scpr.org/i/b2a085a9e89e4b05c722802c9e697348/79179-eight.jpg

  31. Source: http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2014/02/28/storm-california-rain-snow-flood/5894753/

  32. Source: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/imageo/

  33. Source: http://dailyweathernewsletter.blogspot.com/

  34. Source: European Space Agency, http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Eduspace_EN/SEM70Y3Z2OF_1.html

  35. Source: Canadian National Resources Department, http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/satellite-imagery-air-photos/satellite-imagery-products/educational-resources/9387

  36. Source: Canadian National Resources Department, http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/satellite-imagery-air-photos/satellite-imagery-products/educational-resources/9387

  37. Source: Canadian National Resources Department, http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/satellite-imagery-air-photos/satellite-imagery-products/educational-resources/9387

  38. Source: http://www.upv.es/satelite/trabajos/pracGrupo8/meteos.htm

  39. Source: http://www.infomet.am.ub.es/meteosat/va-latest.jpg

  40. Source: https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/category/meteosat/page/2

  41. Airborne Remote Sensingand the Atmosphere • Optical sensors for airborne and ground-based applications are the focus of new development and production efforts. If light is shined into the atmosphere it scatters off of particles in the atmosphere and off of molecules. “Much like shining a flash light into a dusty, dark night.”

  42. Optical Sensors Your eye can see the light shine off of the dust. Optical sensors 'see' the atmosphere and understand its characteristics, such as: • Velocity • Temperature • Pressure • Aerosol concentration and particle size • Aerosol distribution in the atmosphere • Water Content • Visibility monitor • Trace gas concentration

  43. reflection transmission absorption

  44. One aspect of laser radar (lidar) is the use of Rayleigh and Mie light scattering returns. Rayleigh/Mie radar relies on light interaction with the constituents of the atmosphere: scattering from both atmospheric aerosols (Mie scattering) and atmospheric gas molecules (Rayleigh scattering).

  45. Airborne remote sensing makes possible surveying dangerous or otherwise inaccessible areas such as water bodies. Distribution of Chlorophyll in the Chesapeake Bay for may 15 1990 determined from aircraft multispectral data

  46. Airborne remote sensing is used for studying a wide range of the earth’s geophysical characteristics including: • mineral exploration mapping • coastal ocean, estuary, river, and lake analysis • modeling of atmospheric and cloud properties • forest classification mapping • agriculture

  47. Precision Agriculture • Airborne remote sensing helps in collecting field images as part of a practice known as precision agriculture.

  48. “The idea is to determine which areas of a field require more attention by growers of cotton, soybeans, corn, and other crops. This helps growers save on input costs, such as fertilizer and pesticide, and reduces the amount of pollutants that could potentially run off into the environment.” False-color images Demonstrate remote sensing applications In precision farming

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