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11/30 環境污染評估 - 族群、群聚及生態系層次 , 愛河生態與整治 , 有機污染物與環境荷爾蒙 輔助教材影片：下水道是現代都市的指標建設？

11/30 環境污染評估 - 族群、群聚及生態系層次 , 愛河生態與整治 , 有機污染物與環境荷爾蒙 輔助教材影片：下水道是現代都市的指標建設？. 評鑑指標 族群 - population size, distribution range 群聚 - 多樣性指標 -numbers of species and abundance , e.g. Shannon-Weiner diversity index - 生物整合指標 (Index Biotic Integrity, IBI)

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11/30 環境污染評估 - 族群、群聚及生態系層次 , 愛河生態與整治 , 有機污染物與環境荷爾蒙 輔助教材影片：下水道是現代都市的指標建設？

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  1. 11/30 環境污染評估 - 族群、群聚及生態系層次, 愛河生態與整治, 有機污染物與環境荷爾蒙 輔助教材影片：下水道是現代都市的指標建設？

  2. 評鑑指標 族群- population size, distribution range 群聚-多樣性指標-numbers of species and abundance, e.g. Shannon-Weiner diversity index -生物整合指標 (Index Biotic Integrity, IBI) 生態系(Ecopath, Ecosem) 生態整合 (Index of Stream Condition, ISC)

  3. Measuring changes at population level - Population density Biomass - Focus on “Key species” High conservation interest to humans High commercial value Dominant species in the community Indicator species (bioindicator)

  4. Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level (structure and function) ★ Structural end points, e.g. Species richness Species abundance Similarity Biomass

  5. ★ Structural changes - Species diversity measurements, ex. Species richness index Shannon-Wiener (0 - ≧ 3) as stressed to unstressed - Species abundance measurements, ex. species abundance plots k-dominance curve Abundance-Biomass comparison (ABC curve)

  6. Species richness index (SR) SR = (S – 1) / lnN S: 出現總數 N: 所有種總個體數 Shannon-Wiener (0 - ≧ 3) H’ = -Σ(ni/N) ln(ni/N) (i= 1 – N) ni: i種個體數 N: 所有種總個體數

  7. 南灣 海域珊瑚礁魚類相觀測地點 ******************************* N 後壁湖 漁港 未受溫排水影響區 Station 1 Station 2 排放口 受溫排水影響區 Station 3 Station 4 龍鑾 潭核能三廠 Station 5 貓鼻頭 貓 鼻頭 鵝 鑾鼻

  8. 82~88年度台灣南部核能電廠附近海域魚類相組成圖82~88年度台灣南部核能電廠附近海域魚類相組成圖

  9. 由Shannon's-Weaver diversity index檢測之 八十七~八十八年度魚類群聚結構變化 87年度 第一季(87/8) ： 1.59 第二季(87/11) ：1.72 第三季(88/2) ： 1.79 第四季(88/4) ： 1.72 88年度 第一季(88/8) ： 1.74 第二季(88/10) ：1.69 第三季(89/2) ：1.70 第四季(89/4) ：1.35

  10. The sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde (Clark, 1997). Species abundance plots of the benthic macrofauna the sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde (Clark, 1997). Hypothetical ABC curves for unpolluted, moderately polluted and grossly polluted conditions (Clark, 1997). Biomass: the mass of organisms present in an area or volume (g/m2) Abundance: the number of organisms present in area or volume (no./m2 )

  11. Measuring change at community and ecosystem level ★ Functional end points Rate of biomass production (g C/area yr) Rate of primary productivity Rate of community respiration Rate of nutrient uptake/regeneration Rate of decomposition Rate of recovery after stress

  12. Functional end points suggested for assessment and monitoring of aquatic systems. ‧USEPA environmental monitoring and assessment program (Hunsaker & Carpenter, 1990) 1. Trophic status 2. Production/biomass ‧State of the environment report for Canada (Bird & Rapport, 1986) 1. Production/biomass 2. Nutrient load

  13. For Ecosystem - ISC (Index of Stream Condition) Five subcategory Hydrodynamics: monthly fluctuation range Physical : substrata, architecture Close-to river areas: area, continuity, plant coverage Water quality: nutrient content, turbidity, conductivity, pH Biological index: benthic macroinvertebrates, e.g. IBI

  14. Biological effects Biological Risk Protection of ecosystems Long-term effects Risk Assessment: Possibility to predict consequences of an event under normal and accidental environmental conditions

  15. 愛河的鳥瞰圖 愛河水質與生態 海資系 陳孟仙 教授

  16. 中華路 治平橋截流站 Love River Upstream the Chi-ping Sever-2 Sewerage Treatment Plant

  17. 河川整治目標 • 1. 去除髒亂惡臭 • 2.公共衛生 • 3.防洪疏浚 • 4.景觀維護 • 5.親水活動 • 6.美化視覺環境 • 7.生態保育 中區污水處理廠污水處理流程

  18. 河川水質改善-第一階段

  19. Variation of DO in downstream Love River during 1992~1996 「愛河治平橋至寶珠溝水質改善工程」施工前 虱目魚Chanos chanos 大鱗鮻Liza macrolepis 長鰭凡鯔 Valamugil cunnesius 黑邊鰏 Leiognathus splendens 吳郭魚Oreochromis sp. 短棘鰏 Leiognathus equula 6

  20. 吳郭魚、大鱗鮻、虱目魚溶氧耐受性之比較 低溶氧耐受性：吳郭魚>大鱗鮻>虱目魚 • 部分河段偶有溶氧不足(DO<LC50)

  21. Life history of Liza macrolepis Downstream Estuary Nearshore Pre-spawing Female (Oct.~Dec.) Spawning Fry Adult (Feb.-Apr.) (Dec.-Apr.) (Jun.-Dec.) 7

  22. Life history ofNematalosa come Estuary Downstream Nearshore Upstream Mature Adult Spawning ? Adult Adult (Jan~Dec) (Jan~Apr) (Jan~Dec) (Mar) Juvenile？ Juvenile？ 5

  23. Environmental hormones Environmental estrogens Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) Endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 環境荷爾蒙與普通荷爾蒙的作用

  24. 有機錫Organotin大事紀 1852 描述化合物特性 1925 首度工業用防腐劑 1932 首度工業用安定劑 1980 開始貝類雄化 1990 全球性貝類雄化

  25. 3% 3% 9% 9% 70% 7% Total 35000 t/yr

  26. 船身附著外務0.01mm 耗油量增加0.3~1% 。 1990年全世界船舶運輸業使用添加TBT(ca. <10%)的油漆每年節省25億美元其中大部分來自節省720萬頓燃油少部分減少船隻的日常維護上。 有機錫進入水域環境的途徑

  27. 牡蠣養殖區－七股 • 出現兩個口蓋的蚵岩螺Thais clavigera(七股.1999) • 陰莖內有黑色異物 (Thais rufotincta 東港1999.11 )

  28. 雄化現象(imposex) 雌性的生殖器官長出類似陰莖的突起及 輸精管與其他雄性生殖構造 (Smith, 1971) 有機錫導致前鰓類雄性化 1 ng/L TBT導致英國蚵岩螺(Nucella lapillus) 雄化 (Gibbs et al, 1987) Table 1. Penis length of Thais clavigera exposed to organotins for 90 days

  29. Dumpton syndrome —在英國蚵岩螺上發現陰莖發育不良的遺傳性雄性生殖缺失

  30. (A) Map of south-east England indicating the presence () or absence () of Nucella lapillus in 1987/1989 at stations previously sampled (pre-1975) prior to the widespread use of TBT antifouling paints (see Gibbs et al.,1991, for data). Site of Dumpton Gap is shown by a filled square . (B) (inset )Location of area detailed in A. 雄蚵岩螺陰莖長度與殼長的分布(採自七股) 雌蚵岩螺陰莖長度與殼長的分布 (採自七股)

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