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Chapter 18 and 19. Progressive Reform Progressive Politics. Progressivism. Reform movement in early 1920’s concerned with curing problems of urbanization and industrialization. Women were allowed to influence politics and society. Progressive Issues.
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Chapter 18 and 19 • Progressive Reform • Progressive Politics
Progressivism • Reform movement in early 1920’s concerned with curing problems of urbanization and industrialization. • Women were allowed to influence politics and society.
Progressive Issues • Make government MORE responsible to people. • Wanted limits on corporate power, prohibit monopolies, 8 hr workday, minimum wage, safer conditions, end child labor. • Education should prepare you to function well in society.
Inspiration for reform • McClure’s – exposed corruption in politics, businesses, and society. • Muckrakers – journalists that exposed the muck, or filth, or society. • Hated by corporations, trusts, and political machines.
Reforming Workplace • John Spargo – found few children laborers had ever attended school. • Florence Kelly – activist and reformer that campaigned for laws that would prohibit or limit child labor, and improve female working conditions. • 1938 – Congress passes minimum wage. 25 cents/hr.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Over 140 workers were burned, smothered, or jumped to death when elevators would not work and fire doors were locked. • Led to NY to enact nation’s strictest fire-safety code.
Progressivism and Supreme Court • Most Supreme Court rulings benefited businesses at first. • Freedom of contract – allow workers to negotiate the terms of their employment. • Muller v. Oregon – Court upheld Oregon’s 10 hr workday.
Labor Unions • Open Shop – not required to join a union. • Closed Shops – required to join a union. • Many groups supported socialism.
AFL – American Federation of Labor • Excluded unskilled workers and most African Americans and were willing to negotiate with business owners.
IWW - Wobblies • Opposed Capitalism • Accepted unskilled workers • Pursued their goals through boycotts, general strikes, and sabotage.
Reforming City Life • Make cities more beautiful and livable for residents. • Burnham – leading architect, redesigned Chicago.
Moral Reform • Wanted to clean up immoral behavior. • Prohibition – ban on manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. • 18th Amend – barred the manu-facture, sale, and distribution of alcohol. • Felt movies were a threat to morality, and should be censored.
Progressivsim and Racial Discrimination • Dubois – believed access to college and vocational training offered the best chance of progress for Afr. Am. • Washington – Afr Am should improve their own education and economic prosperity; should not fight discrimination.
Cont’d • NAACP – Organization dedicated to ending racial discrimination; used Supreme Court. • "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination".
Cont’d • National Urban League – worked to improve job oppor-tunities and housing for urban Afr. Am.
Immigration and Assimilation • Many felt sympathy for them, and wanted changes. • Others accused them of immoral behavior. • Americanization – Process of pre-paring foreign-born residents for full U.S. citizenship.
Government Corruption • Members of Congress were referred to as Millionaire’s Club. • Political Machines and businesses worked hand in hand.
Direct Primary – nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run for Pres. 17th Amendment – direct election of senators. Secret Ballots Initiative – gives voters power to introduce legis-lation Referendum – when voters vote for the measure on ballots. Recall – enables voters to remove an elected official. Election Reforms to break power of Political Bosses
Reforming City and State Gov’ts • Good mayors cleaned up cities. • Increased efficiency by hiring city commissioners and city managers. • Focused on regulation of statewide industries.
Roosevelt becomes Pres. • Was VP for Mckinley. • 42 when he took over after assassination of Mckinley. • Very dynamic. • Solves Mine Workers Strike by getting both sides to use arbitration – 3rd party to settle dispute. • 1st time federal gov’t intervened a strike to protect workers interests.
Square Deal • Roosevelt’s belief in balancing the interests of business, consumers, and labor.
Ways Teddy regulated business • Wanted companies to behave responsibly. • “Trustbusting” – filed 44 lawsuits against companies. • Elkins Act • Hepburn Act –
Elkins Act • Forbade shipping companies from accepting rebates, or money given back in return for business.
Hepburn Act • Authorized the ICC to set railroad rates, and to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce.
Food and Drug Companies • Dangerous products were being sold; consumer needed protection. • Upton Sinclair – wrote The Jungle – depicted the horrible and unsanitary conditions at a meatpacking plant.
Meat Inspection Act • Required federal inspection of meat shipped across state lines. • All animals were required to pass an inspection by the U.S. Drug Administration prior to slaughter • All carcasses were subject to a post-mortem inspection • Cleanliness standards were established for slaughterhouses and processing plants.
Pure Food and Drug Act • Forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients. • Creation of the Food and Drug Administration, which was entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption • The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs • The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs.
Protecting the Environment • One of Roosevelt’s best legacies. • Pinchot – friend of Pres that came up with the term conservation to describe the need to protect the country’s natural environment. • Doubled # of national parks, 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refugees.
Taft as President • Progressive Rep that replaces TR, but loses support of Progressives. • 16th Amend – power to levy taxes. • Lost support of TR, who starts the Bull Moose Party, and runs for Pres again in 1912.
Wilson becomes Pres • Wins easily over Roosevelt and Taft in 1912. • New Freedom Platform – banking reform, tariff reduction, and antitrust leg. • 1st Priority was lowering tariffs.
To stop banking problems • Federal Reserve Act – 3 tier system • Top was Federal Reserve Board • 12 Reserve Banks – served other banks • Private Banks
Limiting Monopolies • Clayton Antitrust Act – established regulations on what corporations could and could not do.
Federal Trade Commission • Set up to investigate the practices of corporations. • Could issue “cease and desist orders” for corporations engaging in unfair and fraudulent practices. • For consumer protection.
Wilson and workers • Helped farmers with Federal Farm Loan Act. • Reduced workday hours for railroad workers. • Federal Workmen’s Compensation. • Less successful with child labor (Keating-Owen Child Labor Act) was unconstitutional.
Women’s Suffrage • Big part of the Progressive Agenda.
NAWSA • Led by Stanton and Anthony. • Lobbied state by state for right to vote. • Wyoming was first state to enact. • 19th Amend – Granted women full suffrage.
