Podpora rozvoje cizích jazyků pro Evropu 21. stol.

1. Podpora rozvoje cizích jazyků pro Evropu 21. stol. INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky.

2. SOUTH AFRICA

3. area: 1.2 millionsq. km. (470,462 sq. mi.) • cities: capitals-administrative– Pretoria,legislative- CapeTown,judicial–Bloemfontein • othercities: Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth

4. terrain: savanna, mountains, coastalplains, plateau, desert • climate: moderate • population 2007, 47.9 million • composition- black 79.7%, white 9.1%, colored 8.8%, Asian (Indian) Languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, andXitsonga - allofficiallanguages

5. GOVERNMENT • Parliamentary democracy • independence - The Union ofSouthAfrica - May 31, 1910 • became a sovereign statewithinBritish Empire in 1934 • became a republic on May 31, 1961 • lefttheCommonwealth in October 1968 • rejoinedtheCommonwealth in June 1994

6. SouthAfrica - a multipartyparliamentarydemocracy - constitutionalpowerissharedbetweenthepresident andtheParliament • theParliamentconsistsoftwohouses: theNationalAssemblyandtheNationalCouncilofProvinces - responsiblefordraftingthelawsoftherepublic • the president istheheadofstate - elected by theNationalAssemblyfromamongitsmembers • 2004 – elections - theAssemblyreelectedThaboMbekias President

7. HISTORY • people - inhabitedsouthernAfricaforthousandsofyears • thePortuguesewerethefirstEuropeansto reachtheCapeofGoodHope - 1488 • permanent white settlement did not beginuntil 1652 whentheDutchEast India Companyestablished a provisioning station on theCape • in subsequentdecades, FrenchHuguenotrefugees, theDutch, andGermansbegan to settle in theCape • collectively, theyformtheAfrikaner segment oftoday's population

8. 1779 - Europeansettlementsextendedthroughoutthesouthern part oftheCapeandeasttowardthe Great FishRiver • DutchauthoritiesandtheXhosafoughtthefirstfrontierwar • theBritishgainedcontroloftheCapeofGoodHopeattheendofthe 18th century • subsequentBritish settlement and rule - thebeginningof a longconflictbetweentheAfrikanersandtheEnglish

9. 1836 - many Afrikanerfarmers (Boers) undertook a northernmigration - becameknown as the "Great Trek" • thismovementbroughtthemintocontactandconflictwithAfricangroups in the area, the most formidableofwhichweretheZulus • undertheirpowerful leader, Shaka(1787-1828), theZulusconquered most oftheterritorybetweentheDrakensbergMountainsandthesea - nowKwaZulu-Natal

10. 1852 and 1854 - the independent BoerRepublicsoftheTransvaalandOrange Free Statewerecreated • relations betweentherepublicsandtheBritishGovernment - strained • thediscoveryofdiamondsat Kimberley -1870 and • thediscoveryoflargegolddepositsin theWitwatersrand region oftheTransvaal - 1886 causedaninfluxofEuropean - mainlyBritishimmigrationandinvestment • in addition to resident blackAfricans, many blacksfromneighbouringcountriesalsomovedintothe area to work in themines

11. Boerreactions to thisinfluxandBritishpoliticalintrigues led to theAnglo-BoerWarsof 1880-81 and 1899-1902 • Britishforcesprevailed in thelatterconflict, andtherepublicswereincorporatedintotheBritish Empire • May 1910 - thetworepublicsandtheBritishcoloniesoftheCapeandNatalformedtheUnion ofSouthAfrica, a self-governing dominion oftheBritish Empire • the Union's constitutionkeptallpoliticalpower in thehandsofwhites

12. 1912 - theSouthAfricaNativeNationalCongresswasfounded in Bloemfonteinandeventuallybecameknown as theAfricanNationalCongress(ANC) • itsgoals - theeliminationofrestrictionsbased on colorandtheenfranchisementofandparliamentaryrepresentationforblacks • governmentcontinued to passlawslimitingtherightsandfreedomsofblacks

13. in 1948 - theNational Party (NP) wontheall-whiteelectionsandbeganpassinglegislationcodifyingandenforcinganevenstricterpolicyofwhitedominationandracialseparationknown as "apartheid" (separateness) • in theearly 1960s - following a protest in Sharpeville in which 69 protesterswerekilled by police and 180 injured, the ANC and Pan-AfricanCongress (PAC) werebanned • Nelson Mandelaand many otheranti-apartheid leaderswereconvictedandimprisoned on chargesoftreason

14. May 1961 - SouthAfricaabandoneditsBritish dominion status anddeclareditself a republic • withdrewfromtheCommonwealth in part becauseofinternationalprotestsagainstapartheid • 1984 - a newconstitutioncameintoeffect in whichwhitesallowedcoloredsandAsians a limited role in thenationalgovernmentandcontrolovertheirownaffairs in certainareas • allpowerremained in whitehands • blacksremainedeffectivelydisenfranchised

15. popularuprisings in blackandcoloredtownships - 1976 and 1985 helped to convincesome NP membersoftheneedforchange • secretdiscussionsbetweenthosemembersandNelson Mandelabegan in 1986 • February 1990 - State President F.W. de Klerk, who had come to power in September 1989, announcedtheunbanningofthe ANC, the PAC, andallotheranti-apartheid groups • twoweekslater- Nelson Mandelawasreleasedfromprison

16. 1991 - theGroupAreasAct, LandActs, andthePopulationRegistrationAct - the last oftheso-called "pillarsof apartheid"- wereabolished • a longseriesofnegotiationsensued, resulting in a newconstitutionpromulgatedintolaw in December 1993 • the country's firstnonracialelectionswereheld on April 26-28, 1994, resulting in theinstallationofNelson Mandelaas President on May 10, 1994

17. during Nelson Mandela's 5-year term as President ofSouthAfrica, thegovernmentcommitteditself to reformingthe country • the ANC led governmentfocused on socialissuesthatwereneglectedduringthe apartheid era such as unemployment, housingshortages, andcrime

18. ThaboMbekiwonthepresidencyofSouthAfricaafternationalelections in 1999, whenthe ANC won just shyof a two-thirds majority in Parliament • April2004 - the ANC wonnearly 70% ofthenationalvote, andMbekiwasreelectedfor his second 5-year term

19. INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ Tato výuková prezentace byla pořízena z finančních prostředků hrazených Evropským sociálním fondem a rozpočtem České republiky. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky.