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Understanding Children

Understanding Children . From Birth to Age 2 . Terms to Know. Reflex Motor sequence Object permanence Deferred imitation Telegraphic speech Temperament Attachment Separation anxiety. Physical Development. Size and Shape Approximately 7 ½ pounds at birth, to 22 pounds at 1 year.

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Understanding Children

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  1. Understanding Children From Birth to Age 2

  2. Terms to Know • Reflex • Motor sequence • Object permanence • Deferred imitation • Telegraphic speech • Temperament • Attachment • Separation anxiety

  3. Physical Development • Size and Shape • Approximately 7 ½ pounds at birth, to 22 pounds at 1 year. • By 2 years, most children weigh 4x birth weight • Avg. newborn measures 20 inches. • By 2 years, most children measure 32 to 36 inches • Boys are taller and heavier than girls. • Boys reach half their adult height by 2 years old • Girls will have passed their halfway mark by 1 or 2 inches.

  4. Physical Development • Reflexes • An automatic body response to a stimulus • Sucking • Helps the infant obtain food for survival • Rooting • Turn head toward anything that touches the face • Moro • Aka “startle reflex” • Flings legs and arms outward and extends head • Palmar Grasp • Touch the baby’s palms and it will grip tightly. • Grip is tight enough to lift baby into sitting position • Babinski • When stroking the sole of the foot on outside from heel to toe, toes will fan out and foot twists in • Stepping / Walking • When feet are held flat on a surface, the infant will lift one foot after another into a stepping motion

  5. Physical Development • Motor Sequence • The order in which a child is able to perform new movements • Each new movement builds on previous abilities • Head and trunk control • Rolling over • Sit upright • Gradually able to pull themselves into sitting positions • Crawl • Creep • Stand with support • Walk with help of an adult • Stand without support • Walk with no help

  6. Health and Safety • SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) • To reduce risk: • Place infants on their backs for sleep • Provide a firm crib, covered by a sheet • Keep soft materials, such as comforters, pillows, and stuffed toys out of the crib • Make sure the sleeping area is a comfortable temperature to keep infants from becoming overheated

  7. Failure to Thrive • Symptoms include lack of weight gain and height growth in comparison to other children of the same age • Planned causes • Malnutrition by neglect • Unplanned causes • Low birth weight • Poverty • Poor social interaction • Improper feeding skills • Disease (gastric reflux, cystic fibrosis, lead poisoning)

  8. Cognitive Development • Birth to 3 months • Vision is blurry at birth • As vision improves, infants show preferences for certain objects • From birth, infants will turn their head towards a sound • By 3 weeks, infants can distinguish between voice of parent and voice of a stranger • 3 to 6 months • Infants start to learn they can touch, shake, and hit objects they see • Memory, foresight and self – awareness develop • New responses, such as cooing

  9. Cognitive Development • 6 to 9 months • Object permanence – objects continue to exist even if they cannot be seen • OP shows a developing memory • Learning communication by crying to call person • 12 to 18 months • Find new ways to use toys (rolling, tossing, bouncing) • Cause and effect (hit water=ripples/splash) • Learn to say many new words

  10. Cognitive Development • 18 to 24 months • Think before acting • Actively exploring everything • Do not realize the dangers in actions • Deferred imitation – watching another person’s behavior and then acting out that behavior • Telegraphic speech – short, 2 word sentences (ex: doggie bark, baby cry)

  11. Social – Emotional Development • After the 1st birthday, children take more interest in other toddlers, however adults are still most important to children in this age group. • Temperament • The quality and intensity of emotional reactions. • Passivity – how actively involved a child is with surroundings • Irritability – tendency to feel distressed • Activity patterns – levels of movement • Each child has a different temperament and you must adjust to the mood of each child.

  12. Social – Emotional Development • Attachment • The strong emotional connection that develops between people • Infants mainly become attached to the people who care for them (mother, father, siblings) • Quality of attachment depends on adults’ responses • Separation Anxiety – when a child protests because a familiar caregiver is leaving

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