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Chapter 14 Our Star. Why does the Sun Shine ?. Is it on FIRE?. Chemical energy content. ~ 10,000 years. Luminosity. Is it on FIRE?. Chemical energy content. ~ 10,000 years. Luminosity. Is it on FIRE? …NO!. Insert TCP 6e Chapter 14 opener. Is it CONTRACTING?.
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Chemical energy content ~ 10,000 years Luminosity Is it on FIRE?
Chemical energy content ~ 10,000 years Luminosity Is it on FIRE? …NO!
Insert TCP 6e Chapter 14 opener Is it CONTRACTING?
Gravitational potential energy ~ 25 million years Luminosity Is it CONTRACTING?
Gravitational potential energy ~ 25 million years Luminosity Is it CONTRACTING?...NO!
Insert TCP 6e Figure 14.1 Weight of upper layers compresses lower layers.
Gravitational equilibrium: There is a balance between the outward fusion pressure and the inward pressure, due to gravity.
What is the Sun’s structure? Insert TCP 6e Figure 14.3
Solar wind: A flow of charged particles from the surface of the Sun
Corona: Outermost layer of solar atmosphere and seen only during a total solar eclipse. ~1 million K
Chromosphere: Middle layer of solar atmosphere and seen only during a total solar eclipse. ~ 104–105 K
Photosphere: Visible surface of Sun ~ 6000 K
Convection Zone: Energy transported upward by rising hot gas
Radiation Zone: Energy transported upward by photons
Core: Energy generated by nuclear fusion ~ 15 million K
Clicker QuestionWhat is the surface we see? • corona • photosphere • chromosphere • solar wind
Clicker QuestionWhat is the surface we see? • corona • photosphere • chromosphere • solar wind
Clicker QuestionWhat layer is the hottest? • corona • photosphere • chromosphere
Clicker QuestionWhat layer is the hottest? • corona • photosphere • chromosphere
Clicker QuestionWhat layer is the coolest? • corona • photosphere • chromosphere
Clicker QuestionWhat layer is the coolest? • corona • photosphere • chromosphere
Fission Big nucleus splits into smaller pieces. (Example: nuclear power plants) Fusion Small nuclei stick together to make a bigger one. (Example: the Sun, stars)
High temperatures enable nuclear fusion to happen in the core.
The Sun releases energy by fusing four hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus.
Theproton–proton chain is how hydrogen fuses into helium in Sun.
IN 4 protons OUT 4He nucleus 2 gamma rays 2 positrons 2 neutrinos Total mass is 0.7% lower.
Proton-Proton Chain in Gory Detail Step 1: 1H1 + 1H1 --> 2H1 + e+ + 1H1 is a hydrogen nucleus - subscript is the number of protons in nucleus, superscript is the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus. Hydrogen nucleus has 1 proton, 0 neutrons. 2H1 is a deuterium nucleus (hydrogen isotope) with 1 proton and 1 neutron in nucleus. e+ is a positron or antiparticle of the e-. When e+ and e- meet, e+ + e- __ > 2 two gamma rays are produced is a neutrino and helps to carry away energy. Step 2: 1H1 +2H1-->3He2 + 3He2 is a helium isotope, is a gamma ray. Step 3: 3He2 + 3He2 --> 4He2 + 1H1 + 1H1 4He2 is ordinary or ‘balloon’ helium.
Clicker QuestionWhat is e+? • electron • positron • Neutron • proton • neutrino
Clicker QuestionWhat is e+? • electron • positron • Neutron • proton • neutrino
Clicker QuestionWhat is 2H1? • gamma ray • helium nucleus • deuterium nucleus • ordinary hydrogen nucleus
Clicker QuestionWhat is 2H1? • gamma ray • helium nucleus • deuterium nucleus • ordinary hydrogen nucleus
Clicker QuestionWhat is ? • gamma ray • positron • Neutron • proton • neutrino
Clicker QuestionWhat is ? • gamma ray • positron • Neutron • proton • neutrino
Clicker QuestionWhat is ? • gamma ray • positron • Neutron • proton • neutrino
Clicker QuestionWhat is ? • gamma ray • positron • Neutron • proton • neutrino