BIF703

1. BIF703 Miscellaneous Commands

2. File related commands • grep - print lines matching a pattern • head - output the first part of files • tail - output the last part of files • sort - sort lines of text files • diff - find differences between two files • file - determine file type

3. Utility commands • who –show who is logged in • date –print or set the system date and time • which –show the full path of (shell) commands • finger –user information lookup program • mail –send and receive mail

4. Print commands • lpr – print files • lpq – show print queue status • lprm – cancel print jobs

5. grep • grep takes a pattern, read standard input or a list of files, and outputs the lines containing matches for the pattern. Example: grep foo * Print lines in any of the files in the current directory that contain the pattern “foo”.

6. grep options Major options for grep: -ldisplay name of the file that has matching line -r search all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectory for the given pattern -nprefix each output with line number -w search for matching word -v output lines that do not contain the given pattern

7. grep examples • grep -r foo . Print all the lines in all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectories that contains the pattern “foo”. • grep -lr foo . Similar as above but only print the names of the files that contains the pattern “foo”

8. grep examples Print all the lines in the file “bar” that contains the pattern “foo” [uli@seneca misc]$ grep foo bar This line contains the word foo and bar. Do you like to play football or basket ball? Same as above but prefix each line of output with the line number within the file “bar” [uli@seneca misc]$ grep -n foobar 3:This line contains the word foo and bar. 4:Do you like to play football or basket ball?

9. grep examples Print all the lines in the file “bar” that contains the word “foo” [uli@seneca misc]$ grep -w foo bar This line contains the word foo and bar. Print all the lines in the file “bar” that does not contain the pattern “foo” [uli@seneca misc]$ grep -v foobar The name of this file is called bar. This file has only five line. This is the end of the file.

10. head & tail • head bar • Display the first 10 line of the file “bar” • head -5 bar • Display the first 5 lines of the file “bar” • tail bar • Display the last 10 lines of the file “bar” • tail-5bar • Display the last 5 lines of the file “bar”

11. sort Sort line of text file cat numbers 2314 5678 345 2231 101 984 4842 6543 98 11001 [root] sort numbers 101 984 2314 5678 345 2231 4842 6543 98 11001 [root] sort -n numbers 98 11001 101 984 345 2231 2314 5678 4842 6543 String order Numeric order

12. sort examples cat numbers 2314 5678 345 2231 101 984 4842 6543 98 11001 sort numbers 101 984 2314 5678 345 2231 4842 6543 98 11001 sort-k2 numbers 98 11001 345 2231 2314 5678 4842 6543 101 984 Sort by the 2nd field Sort by the 1st field

13. sort examples cat numbers 2314 5678 345 2231 101 984 4842 6543 98 11001 sort numbers 101 984 2314 5678 345 2231 4842 6543 98 11001 sort-r numbers 98 11001 4842 6543 345 2231 2314 5678 101 984 Sort in reverse order

14. diff Display the differences between two files Syntax: • diff [options] file1 file2 • When using “diff” without any options, it produces a series of lines containing: • Add (a) • Delete (d), and • Change (c) instructions Each of these lines is followed by the lines from the file that you need to add, delete, or change to make the files the same.

15. diff examples cat file1 blue red white yellow orange cat file2 blue yellow black red orange Steps to convert file1 to file2: $diff file1file2 2,3d1 < red < white 4a3,4 > black > red 1. Delete line 2 through 3 from file1 2. Append lines 3 through 4 fromfile2after line 4 infile1

16. file Displays the classification (type) of a file. Considered useful if a file extension is missing, or if user is unsure of file extension. • Syntax: file [option] file-list Examples: file assign01.html assign01.html: HTML document text file a.out a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped file mydoc.doc mydoc.doc: Microsoft Office Document file 1 1: empty

17. who Shows which users are logged on to server Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who rchan pts/0 Oct 30 02:08 (toronto-hse-ppp3) sslui pts/1 Oct 30 01:11 (CPE00112f0fe590-) Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who -H Name Line Time Hostname rchan pts/0 Oct 30 02:08 (toronto-hse-ppp3) sslui pts/1 Oct 30 01:11 (CPE00112f0fe590-) Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who -qH Name Hostname rchan (toronto-hse-ppp3) sslui (CPE00112f0fe590-) Total users: 2

18. who options Major options for grep: -Hdisplays column headings -T includes message reception status: + message reception on - message reception off -i includes column indicating number of minutes of user inactivity.

19. who examples Show who is logged on Column headings who -H Name Line Time Hostname root pts/0 Mar 02 09:11 (142.204.20.17) msaul pts/1 Mar 02 09:21 (CPE0040f4df2fef-) who -i root pts/0 Mar 02 09:11 0:03 42368 (142.204.20.17) msaul pts/1 Mar 02 09:21 . 37790 who -T root - pts/0 Mar 02 09:11 msaul + pts/1 Mar 02 09:21 Less than 1 minute inactivity Allows message reception

20. date Displays the system time and date [ray@localhost week8]$ date Sun Oct 30 01:48:10 EST 2005 [ray@localhost week8]$ date +"%D" 10/30/05 [ray@localhost week8]$ date +"%T" 01:54:05 [ray@localhost week8]$ date +"%D %T" 10/30/05 01:54:13 • Refer to the man page for more formatting codes

21. which Shows the full path of (shell) commands [ray@localhost week8]$ which mkdir /bin/mkdir [ray@localhost week8]$ which type /usr/bin/which: no type in (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/home/ray/bin)

22. finger User information lookup program Phobos: /home/rchan>$ finger rchan Login name: rchan In real life: Raymond Chan Directory: /home/rchan Shell: /usr/bin/ksh On since Oct 30 02:08:55 on pts/0 from toronto-hse-ppp3 (messages off) No Plan.

23. mail • Send and receive mail • To read your mail on phobos, type the “mail” command by itself: Phobos: /home/rchan>$ mail Mail [5.2 UCB] [AIX 4.1] Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/rchan": 1 message 1 new >N 1 rchan Wed Oct 26 00:24 10/340 "Mail testing"

24. Sending mail To send a file called “letter” through email on phobos to the user “rchan”: Phobos: /home/rchan>$ mail -s “subject” rchan < letter

25. lpr, lpq, lprm • lpr – submit file for printing lpr [ -P printer-name ] [ -# copies ] file-name [ -P printer-name] : send files to the named printer [ -# copies ] :sets the number of copies to print between 1 and 100 file-name : name of file to be printed

26. printer queue status • lpq - show printer queue status lpq [ -P printer-name] [ -a ] [ -l] [ -P printer-name] : show status on the named printer [ -a ] : reports jobs on all printers [ -l ] : display more verbose (long) format

27. Cancel Print Jobs • lprm – cancel print jobs lprm [ - ] [ -P printer-name] [ job ID(s)] [ - ] : all print jobs [ -P printer-name] : print jobs on the named printer [ job ID(s) ]: jobs to be cancel

28. Additional Resources • Here are some Related-Links for Interest Only: • Linux manual pages (online): • http://man.he.net/