Scientific Revolution - Astronomy and Discoveries

1. Bell Ringer #1 • Define the following: • Geocentric- • Heliocentric- *Use Chapter 17 Section 1!

2. Chapter 17 Sec 1 The Scientific Revolution

3. Background to the Revolution • Medieval Era- • No new research • Relied on ancient “authorities” • Aristotle • Renaissance- • Humanists knew Greek and Latin • Studied other “authorities” • Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato

4. Background to the Revolution • 16th & 17th c. Inventions- • Telescope, Microscope, Printing Press • Allowed for new discoveries • Spread new ideas quickly and easily

5. Background to the Revolution • 16th & 17th c. Mathematicians • Copernicus • Kepler • Galileo • Newton • “Secrets of Nature are written in the language of mathematics” • Developed new theories

6. A Revolution in Astronomy • Astronomy- Scientific study of the universe

7. Ptolemaic System • Ptolemy- 2nd c. astronomer • Geocentric- earth centered • Series of concentric (one inside the other) spheres • Earth is fixed/motionless at the center • Spheres are made of a crystal-like/transparent substance • Heavenly bodies/pure orbs of light are embedded • 10th sphere- “prime mover” moved the other spheres • Beyond- Heaven and God

8. Ptolemaic System

9. Copernicus and Kepler • Copernicus- 16th c. mathematician • Heliocentric- sun-centered • Planets revolve around the sun (one year) • The moon revolves around earth • Earth rotates on a daily axis • Kepler- 17th c. mathematician • Laws of Planetary Motion • Elliptical (egg shaped) orbits around the sun • Sun is located at the end of the ellipse, not the middle

11. Geocentric v. Heliocentric

12. Galileo • Galileo- 17th c. mathematician • Used the telescope to discover • Mountains on the moon • 4 moons revolving around Jupiter • Sunspots • Planets are material, not just orbs of light

13. Galileo and the Catholic Church Church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea. • Threatened Catholic thinking • “Contradicted” the Bible • Heavens no longer spiritual body of matter • Humans no longer center of the universe • God isn’t in a physical location

14. Newton • Newton- 17th c. mathematician • Three Laws of Motion • Planets and objects on Earth • Universal Law of Gravitation • Gravity- force of attraction • Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object • Planetary orbits

15. Bell Ringer #2 • Identify the following: • Robert Boyle- • Francis Bacon- • Use Chapter 17 Section 1!

16. Chapter 17 Sec 1 The Scientific Revolution

17. Medicine and Chemistry • Middle Ages- relied on animal dissection, not human • Andreas Vesalius- 16th c. • Dissected the human body • Two types of blood • William Harvey- 17th c. • Heart circulates blood through body • Same blood

18. Medicine and Chemistry • Robert Boyle- 17th c. Chemist • Conducted controlled experiments • Boyle’s Law = volume of a gas depends on pressure • Named chemical elements • Antoine Lavoisier- 18th c. • Named chemical elements

19. Women and the Origins of Modern Science • Margaret Cavendish- 17th c. Scientist • Humans could not control nature through science • Maria Winkelmann- 17th c. Astronomer • Discovered a comet • Both women were going against the gender norms for women of the time

20. Descartes and Reason • Rene Descartes- 17th c. Philosopher • Discourse on Method, 1637 • “ I think, therefore I am” • A person can only be sure of his/her existence • The mind cannot be doubted • Separation of Mind and Matter • Body and material world can be doubted • Mind is undoubting, therefore separate • Rationalism- reason is the chief source of knowledge

21. The Scientific Method • Francis Bacon- 17th c. English Philosopher • Scientific Method- A system for collecting and analyzing data • Inductive Reasoning

22. Inductive Reasoning • Inductive Reasoning- • particular facts  general theory • Observe and experiment to test hypothesis • Wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade

23. Bell Ringer #3 • Identify the following: • John Locke- • Use Chapter 17 Section 2!

24. Chapter 17 Sec 2 The Enlightenment

25. Path to Enlightenment • Enlightenment- 18th c. philosophical movement • Influenced by the Scientific Revolution • Used reason- the application of the scientific method to an understanding of all life

26. Path to Enlightenment • Influenced by: • Isaac Newton- 17th c. mathematician • The physical world (and everything in it) was like a machine • If you can understand how it works, you can understand how human society works

27. Path to Enlightenment • Influenced by: • John Locke- 17th c. philosopher • Tabula Rasa- everyone is born with a blank slate/mind • People are molded/shaped by their experiences • If environments change, people change • Natural Laws/Rights- Rights/Privileges people are born with • Life, Liberty, Property • Inalienable- cannot be taken away by the government

28. Philosophers and Their Ideas • Philosophe (FEE luh ZAWF)- Enlightenment intellectuals/philosophers • Writers, professors, journalists, economists, social reformers • Nobility and middle class • Change the world, make it better • Many had differing opinions

29. Philosophers- Montesquieu • Baron de Montesquieu- 18th c. French philosopher • 3 basic kinds of government: • Republics- suitable for small states • Despotism- appropriate for large states • Monarchies- ideal for moderate-size states

30. Philosophers- Montesquieu • 3 Branches of Government • Executive (monarch) • Legislative (parliament) • Judicial (court system) • Separation of Powers- branches limit and control each other through checks and balances • Prevents one person or group from gaining too much power • Influenced the US Constitution

31. Philosophers- Voltaire • Voltaire- 18th c. philosopher • Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories • Criticized Christianity • Called for religious tolerance

32. Philosophers- Voltaire • Deism- 18th c. religious philosophy based on reason and natural law • A machine (God) created the universe • Universe was like a clock (based on Newton) • God created it, set it, and let it run without interference according to the natural laws/rights

33. Philosophers- Diderot • Denis Diderot- 18th c. French philosopher • Encyclopedia: Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades • 28 volumes (books) • Change people’s way of thinking • Attacked religious superstition • Supported religious toleration • Called for social, legal, and political improvements • Helped spread the idea of Enlightenment

34. Bell Ringer #4 • Identify the following: • Adam Smith- • Define the following: • Laissez-faire- • Use Chapter 17 Section 2!

35. Chapter 17 Sec 2 The Enlightenment

36. New Social Science • Economics • Adam Smith- 18th c. economist • Laissez-faire (LEH SAY FEHR)- “to let (people) do (what they want)” • If individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all of society would benefit • The government should not interrupt/interfere with the natural economic forces • Government only has three roles: • Protect society from an invasion • Defend citizens from injustice • Maintain infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc)

37. New Social Science • Political Science • Middle Ages and Renaissance • Punishments were cruel and harsh to deter criminal activity • CesareBeccaria- 18th c. philosopher • Punishment shouldn’t be brutal • No capital punishment • Death penalty

38. Later Enlightenment • Jean-Jacques Rousseau- 18th c. philosopher • Social Contract Theory- through a social contract, an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will • Govern (rule) with the consent (permission) of the governed (ruled) • Education, reason, and emotions were important to human development

39. Rights of Women • Women were believed to be inferior to men • Mary Wollstonecraft- 18th c. writer • Men should not have power over women • Just like a monarch shouldn’t have power over its citizens • Women use reason • Entitles them to the same rights as men • Equal rights- education, economics, and politics

40. Religion in the Enlightenment • John Wesley- 18th c. Anglican minister • Founded the Methodist Church • Protestant • Taught religion in an understandable/relatable style • Lower and middle class English

41. Bell Ringer #5 Identify the five nations that fought in the Seven Years War. Use Chapter 17 Section 3!

42. Chapter 17 Sec 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment

43. 7 Years War- Alliances France, Austria, and Russia Britain and Prussia

44. War in Europe British/Prussians v. Austrians/Russians/French • 1756-1763 • Few battles, but ended in a stalemate • Equally matched opponents • All borders remained the same

45. War in India Britain v. France • 1756-1763 • British won due to persistence (determination) • French gave their territory to Britain • Treaty of Paris, 1763

46. 7 Years War in the Americas(French and Indian War) Britain v. French/Native Americans • 1756-1763 • British- • 13 prosperous colonies on the Eastern Seaboard • Agriculture and Trade • Highly populated (1 million people) • French- • Canada and Louisiana Territory • Used for trading of fur, leather, fish, and timber • Low population

48. 7 Years War in the Americas(French and Indian War) • Two disputed areas • Gulf of St. Lawrence • Ohio River Valley • French gained Native American support due to trade relationships • England put most of its resources into the colonial war • Several battles led to a British victory • French gave their territory to Britain • Treaty of Paris, 1763

50. Bell Ringer #6 What army did General George Washington command? Use Chapter 17 Section 4