Galapagos

1. Je vous aimeJe t’aime(I you love) Galapagos

2. Translation Exercise 台灣造山帶中的橫移壓縮構造 - 盧佳遇、鄭富書、陳建華 橫移壓縮是板塊聚合作用的一種結果。在斜聚合板塊邊界區域內會造成許多橫移壓縮區，它們穿插於不同尺度且變形較少的地質單位之間並會經由斜聚合作用逐漸累積大部分橫移與壓縮位移所產生的應變。 在本文中橫移壓縮一詞是指在接近正交的壓縮變形帶中經由單剪機制所產生的變形。中央山脈東南部份的變形作用呈現了早期造山與橫移壓縮的構造特徵。本區具有出露良好的中新世地層。這些地層中記錄著新第三紀蓬萊造山運動的多次變形與低度變質的結果。經由野外觀察與構造分析，我們可將脊梁山脈逆衝褶皺帶東南部份的構造演化分為三個變形期，其中第三期主要受到橫移壓縮的作用，產生偏東西向的擠縮式逆衝斷層與褶皺；區域性的橫移構造與劈理。本區許多明顯且規則的區域構造向北有逆時針旋轉的現象。台灣北部的造山帶構造亦可用一個橫移壓縮的運動學模型來解釋。台灣中部的三義─埔里地震密集帶周圍亦被解釋為伴隨台灣西部麓山褶皺逆衝帶在本區轉型而形成的橫移壓縮區。

3. 台灣造山帶中的橫移壓縮構造 Transpression zones in the orogenic belts of Taiwan Transpression zones in the mountain belt of Taiwan 橫移壓縮是板塊聚合作用的一種結果 Transpression is a result of plate convergence. Transpression is a consequence of plate convergence. Error: The transpression is a consequence of the plate convergence. (no article needed) Not so good: Transpression is one of the results of plate convergence. (redundant)

4. 在斜聚合板塊邊界區域內會造成許多橫移壓縮區在斜聚合板塊邊界區域內會造成許多橫移壓縮區 Many transpressive (or transpressional) zones will be produced in the boundary of oblique (plate) convergence. Many areas of transpression will be produced in the boundary zones of oblique plate convergence. 它們穿插於不同尺度且變形較少的地質單位之間並會經由斜聚合作用逐漸累積大部分橫移與壓縮位移所產生的應變。 They penetrate into less deformed geological units (or formations) of variable scales, and they will progressively accumulate most strain produced by strike-slip and compressive displacement. Better: They are distributed(occur) in less deformed geological units (or formations) of variable scales. (Moreover,) they show progressively accumulated deformation produced by strike-slip and compressive displacement.

5. 在本文中橫移壓縮一詞是指在接近正交的壓縮變形帶中經由單剪機制所產生的變形。在本文中橫移壓縮一詞是指在接近正交的壓縮變形帶中經由單剪機制所產生的變形。 • In this paper (article, work), the term “transprssion” means (= is defined as; refers to) deformation produced by simple shear (mechanism) that occurs in a nearly orthogonal compressive deformation zone. • 中央山脈東南部份的變形作用呈現了早期造山與橫移壓縮的構造特徵。 • The deformation (pattern) in the southeastern part of the Central Range shows (or displays) (some) structural characteristics of an early stage of orogeny and transpression. • Errors: • in southeastern part of Central Range; (problem of article use) • tectonic characteristics; • - early period orogeny;

6. 本區具有出露良好的中新世地層。 Miocene formations (better: strata) are well-exposed in this area. Errors: There are well outcrops of Miocene formations in this area. There is well outcrop of …. There are well-outcropped miocene formations… Here has good outcrop of the Miocene formations Miocene strata exhumed clearly.., are well preserved… 這些地層中記錄著新第三紀蓬萊造山運動的多次變形與低度變質的結果。 These strata have recorded the results of multiple deformation and low-grade metamorphism (that took place) during the Tertiary (Neogene) Penglai Orogeny. Errors: … have recorded many times deformation. (several periods or phases of deformation) … plenty deformation. … several deformations. (uncountable noun) Miocene formation record the strains and low-graded metamorphism…

7. 經由野外觀察與構造分析，我們可將脊梁山脈逆衝褶皺帶東南部份的構造演化分為三個變形期，經由野外觀察與構造分析，我們可將脊梁山脈逆衝褶皺帶東南部份的構造演化分為三個變形期， Through (Based on) field observations (studies) and structural analysis (es), we could divide the structural evolution in the southeastern part of the thrust-and-fold belt of the Backbone Range into three (deformation) stages. Errors: By field study and the structural analysis, According to the field observation and tectonic analysis, From field observatiion and structure analyzing, 其中第三期主要受到橫移壓縮的作用，產生偏東西向的擠縮式逆衝斷層與褶皺；區域性的橫移構造與劈理。 (Chinese direct) Among them, the third stage mainly suffered the effect of transpression, producing east-west trending compressive thrust and fold, regional strike-slip and cleavage. (Is it logic to see “a stage”, which is time, suffers a teconic effect?) In the third stage, transpression appeared (seemed) to dominate and produced (a series of) east-west trending compressive thrust and fold, regional strike-slip and cleavage. (here you have numerous errors!)

8. 本區許多明顯且規則的區域構造向北有逆時針旋轉的現象。本區許多明顯且規則的區域構造向北有逆時針旋轉的現象。 In this area many clear and regular regional structures show a phenomenon of anti-clockwise rotation to the north. Better: In this area, the regional structural pattern clearly shows a phenomenon of anti-clockwise rotation to the north. 台灣北部的造山帶構造亦可用一個橫移壓縮的運動學模型來解釋。 The structure of the orogenic belt in northern Taiwan could also be explained by a kinematic model of transpression. 台灣中部的三義─埔里地震密集帶周圍亦被解釋為伴隨台灣西部麓山褶皺逆衝帶在本區轉型而形成的橫移壓縮區。 The area surrounding the Sanyi-Puli dense seismic zone in central Taiwan is also explained as a transpressive zone in association with the fold-and-thrust belt of the Western Foothill of Taiwan. (Note: the Chinese text here is not very logic, and is difficult to understand)

9. Transpression zones in the orogenic belts of Taiwan Transpression is a result of plate convergence. Many areas of transpression will be produced in the boundary zones of oblique plate convergence. They (usually) occur in less deformed (geological) formations of variable scales. (Moreover,) they often show increasingly accumulated deformation produced by strike-slip and compression. In this paper, “transprssion” is defined as deformation produced by simple shear occurring in a nearly orthogonal compressive deformation zone. The deformation pattern in the southeastern part of the Central Range shows structural characteristics of an early stage of orogeny and transpression. Miocene strata are well-exposed in this area. They have recorded the results of multiple deformation and low-grade metamorphism that took place during the Tertiary (Neogene) Penglai Orogeny. Through field studies and structural analysis, we could divide the tectonic evolution in the southeastern part of the thrust-and-fold belt of the Backbone Range into three stages. (Specifically), in the third stage, transpression dominated and produced a series of E-W trending thrust and fold, regional strike-slip and cleavage.In this area, the regional structural pattern clearly shows a phenomenon of anti-clockwise rotation to the north. The structure of the orogenic belt in northern Taiwan could equally be explained by a kinematic model of transpression. Similarly, the area surrounding the Sanyi-Puli dense seismic zone in central Taiwan is interpreted as a transpressive zone in association with the fold-and-thrust belt of the Western Foothill of Taiwan.

10. Errors in using nouns - 1 Countability and uncountability of English nouns Countable nouns - could be used with indefinite articles, such as, a, an, or one, two, many, a large number of, plenty of. They show the number. Uncountable nouns - cannot be used with indefinite articles, but with « much », « a little », « a large amount of », « plenty of », etc. They show the quantity. Something that is countable, but rarely counted, such as « hair » and « rice », is considered as uncountable. Remember: uncountable nouns always go with singular verbs. Ex., 1. The CNN news is always very informative. 2. This ink is not suitable for my pen. 3. The rice from Thailand is very good. 2. Common errors - determining the real subject A box of eggs (is, are) on the table. The memoranda (is, are) not important. Fifty years (is, are) not a long time. The United States (is, are) in North America.

11. Errors in using nouns - 2 • 3. Parenthetical elements between subject and verb • If a subject is followed by a parenthetical element like, as well as, besides, like, together with, in addition to, as much as, no less than, etc., the verb is often mistaken as plural. Ex., • My sister, together with Bob and John, (is, are) gone. • The boy, like his father, (sit, sits) still. • Your father, rather than your brother, is responsible for the act. 4. Collective nouns This group of nouns can both be singular and plural, depending on the situations. Ex., • This class has only 20 students (The class are all gone out to play). • The jury is giving the verdict (The jury are arguing among themselves). The following nouns belong to this category: family, crew, crowd, board, committee, party, enemy, audience, reader. Other nouns have singular forms but plural contents, so the verbs to be used must be plural. Ex., • The youth of Taiwan have lofty ideals. The following nouns belong to this category: people, cattle, police, etc.

12. Errors in using nouns - 3 5. Plural nouns commonly misused as singular The following nouns are always plural: annals ashes billiards clothes dregs leavings goods obsequies pants pliers pincers remains scissors shears thanks trousers tweezers wages 6. Singular nouns with plural forms acoustics aeronautics athletics civics comics dynamics economics esthetics ethics hydraulics linguistics magnetics mathematics means news optics phonetics physics politics statistics United States whereabouts 7. Incorrect use of uncountable nouns - There are many evidences; He gave me several informations. - Several deformations are observed in this mountain belt. - I have many good news to tell you; This is a good news. - He gave me many good advices; Do you have other softwares? - What progresses have you made? He has plenty of knowledges.

13. Errors in using articles - 1 English articles, in comparison with nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc., appear to be unimportant; they are often overlooked by the learner of English. However, article is used the most frequently among the 10 categories of words. The presence or absence of an article may significantly change the meaning of a sentense. Correct use of article is indeed very important, but it is not an easy thing to do. Indefinite article exists in two forms: a, an Test: which one is correct? Do you have father? Do you have a father? I need a secretary and treasurer. I need a secretary and a tresurer. (two different meanings) 3. Happy New Year to you. A Happy New Year to you. Heineken is a good beer. Heineken is good beer. (Material noun in normally uncountable. However, if it represents a kind, a part, or a brand, then it becomes a countable noun.)

14. Errors in using articles - 2 Definite article - « the » The most important concept of « definite article » is to distinguish a particular object from a group of similar objects. In general, the use of a definite article is more flexible and complicated than that of an indefinite article. Consequently, the chance of misuse is also greater. Ex., Do you play piano? Do you play the piano? Do you play tennis? Do you play the tennis? He is very good at baseball. He is very good at the baseball. Sun usually sets before moon rises. The sun usually sets before the moon rises. (unique subject needs it; other examples: the earth, the world, the universe, the Pacific) The pen is mightier than the sword (abstract concept needs it). Proper nouns do not need articles unless they are rivers, oceans, bays, ranges, islands, or country names (The Yangtse River, the Thames, the Japan Sea, the Rockies, the Philippines, the U.S.A.) Abstract nouns do not need articles: Honesty is the best policy; Diligence is the father of success.

15. Galapagos

16. Bon soirBonne nuit