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Reading Quiz

Reading Quiz. DSM IV Rosenhan’s Findings Life time prevalence Compulsion Why might data underestimate the number of males with a phobic disorder? Diathesis-stress model. Background and Themes of Psychopathology. Introduction to Abnormal Psychology. Defining Abnormal Psychology

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Reading Quiz

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  1. Reading Quiz DSM IV Rosenhan’s Findings Life time prevalence Compulsion Why might data underestimate the number of males with a phobic disorder? Diathesis-stress model

  2. Background and Themes of Psychopathology

  3. Introduction to Abnormal Psychology • Defining Abnormal Psychology • Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior

  4. Defining Abnormal Psychology • Describing abnormal behavior • Explaining abnormal behavior • Predicting abnormal behavior • Modifying abnormal behavior

  5. Historical perspectives on abnormal behavior Prehistoric Greco-Roman Middle Ages Humanist Reform Modern

  6. Prehistoric and Ancient Beliefs • Trephining: chipping away portions of the skull • Exorcism: prayers, drugs, starvation • Trephination today http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=trephination

  7. Naturalistic explanations (Greeks and Romans) Hippocrates: brain pathology Classification: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis Galen: role of brain and nervous system, codification of knowledge of anatomy

  8. Four HumorsThe Humors of Hippocrates

  9. Reversion to Superstition (The Middle Ages) • “Dark Ages” sinfulness • Mass madness (thirteenth century): • Tarantism • lycanthropy

  10. Witchcraft (fifteenth through seventeenth centuries) • Related to church under attack • Pope Innocent VIII’s papal decree (1484) • Malleus Maleficarum • to identify and exterminate witches • Although some of those persecuted may have been mentally ill, most were not

  11. Rise of Humanism (the Renaissance) Emphasizes human welfare Johann Weyer challenges notion of witchcraft (1563) http://images.google.com/images?q=johann+weyer&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8

  12. Reform Movements (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) • Moral treatment movements • Pinel in France • Reformed conditions in French asylums • Tuke (Quaker) in England • Retreat for mentally ill • Rush, Dix, Beers in America • Humanitarian view of patients • Separate mentally ill from prison system • Reform treatment of mentally ill • Zebulon R. Brockway • Elmira Penal System

  13. Themes and Challenges in Psychopathology Biological and Psychological Bottom up and Top down Science and Practice Empirical approach and Human approach Developmental Changes Mental health and mental disorder change over the lifetime Treatment of Choice Level of treatment question Symptoms or causes

  14. Defining Abnormal Behavior • Abnormal behavior from a conceptual perspective • Abnormal behavior from a practical perspective • Abnormal behavior from an integrated perspective • Abnormal behavior from a clinical perspective • Hazards of Defining Abnormality http://www.johncscifisite.com/newpics/BRAIN.jpg

  15. Conceptual Definitions • Statistical deviation • Based on frequency but no distinction of desirable and undesirable • Deviation from ideal mental health • Self-actualization, balance, resistance to stress • Multicultural perspectives • Cultural universality v. cultural relativism http://foto-mundo.com/papua/imagepages/imageindex.htm#image0

  16. Practical Definitions • Discomfort: physical or psychological • Deviance: hallucination, delusions • Dysfunction: potential v. performance http://www.hear-it.org/multimedia/19.jpg http://www.marquesv.com/P040.jpg http://www.sdsmt.edu/online-courses/is/soc100/Deviance.jpg

  17. Integrated Definitions • Factors in determining abnormality come from multiple perspectives • Society? (Szasz) • Individual • Mental health professional • Harmful dysfunction (Wakefield, 1992) • Social norm defines harmful • Biological sciences define dysfunction

  18. Surgeon General and DSM-IV-TR • “a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering” • Allows room for the various criteria and perspectives on behavior • No precise line delineates normal from abnormal • Requires some recognizable pattern of abnormal behavior

  19. The Elements of Abnormality • Suffering • Maladaptiveness • Irrationality • Unpredictability and loss of control • Rareness and unconventionality • Observer discomfort • Violation of standards

  20. Hazards of Defining Abnormality • Observers Disagree • Observers and Actors Disagree • Actors have much more information about their behavior • Recognize that their behaviors can be inconsistent • Tend to see selves in more favorable light • Self diagnosis

  21. Frequency and Burden of Mental Disorders • 29-38% of the population has at least one DSM disorder • Some gender differences exist • Age differences are evident (developmental) • Mental illness is more debilitating than malignant diseases (lost years of healthy life)

  22. Stereotypes and Myths about the Mentally Disturbed • Fundamental attribution error • Easily recognized as deviant • Disorder due to inheritance • Incurable • Weak willed • Never contribute to society • Dangerous • Stress of working is likely to cause relapses

  23. Current Trends • Psycho-pharmaceuticals • Neutriceuticals • Deinstitutionalization • Script v. No Script • New Mexico • Impact on psychologists • Impact on mentally ill • Managed health care • Status of research • Biotherapy v. psychotherapy • Multicultural perspective • Bias in diagnosis

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