Понятие этики научного журнала как одного из главных критериев издательской деятельности

1. Понятие этики научного журнала как одного из главных критериев издательской деятельности Armen Yuri Gasparyan, MD, PhD, FESC Associate Professor of Medicine Member, World Association of Medical Editors

2. Associations concerned with publication ethics

3. Who are the authors (old criteria) • Those who provide substantial contributions to conception and design, data acquisition, or analysis and interpretation of data • Those who involved in document drafting or provide critical review for important intellectual content • Give final approval of publication http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

5. The main principle of authorship in biomedicine • Creativity!

6. Who do NOT qualify as authors • Those who only secure funding for research • Those who only [perform lab tests]/collect data • Those who only supervise the [research] project • Those who provide writing assistance http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

7. Other criteria Authorship implies a significant intellectual contribution to the work, some role in writing the manuscript and reviewing the final draft …

8. Other criteria American Physical Society • Authorship ... limited to ... a significant contribution to the concept, design, execution or interpretation of the research study. • All those who have made significant contributions should be offered the opportunity to be listed as authors. • Other individuals who have contributed to the study should be acknowledged, but not identified as authors. http://www.aps.org/policy/statements/02_2.cfm

9. Other criteria Authorship may be claimed if researchers: • conceived the ideas or experimental design; • participated actively in execution of the study; • analyzed and interpreted the data; or • wrote the manuscript • Researchers will not add or delete authors … without consent... • Researchers will not include as coauthor(s) any individual who has not agreed to … the final version of the manuscript. http://esapubs.org/esapubs/ethics.htm

10. First author in by-lines • Usually junior researcher • Make the greatest contribution to the work

11. Equal authorship • Those who equally contributed to the study • Usually first and second authors • No clear definition • May be used for academic promotion

12. Last author in by-lines • Usually senior researcher • Head of the department, often corresponding author • Guarantor of the integrity of the whole research work who guide throughout research and writing • Sometimes ‘guest’ or ‘gift’ author

13. Corresponding author • The person (one) responsible for receiving reviewers’ comments, proofs, reprints, coordination of revisions and integrity of the whole work • Usually senior researcher • Contact details do not change over long period of time • Correspondence should include postal and electronic addresses, phone & fax • Valid and active email is a must

16. Authors’ ID

17. Authors’ ID

18. ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a code to identify authors. Similar to DOIs for articles

20. Non-Anglophone names

24. Automatic updates of ORCIDs http://orcid.org/blog/2014/11/21/new-functionality-friday-auto-update-your-orcid-record?ref=email

26. Ghost author • Authors who made substantive contribution to the design, execution, revisions, meet the ICMJE criteria but not listed as co-authors • Representatives of pharma industry • Authors’ editors who are not listed in the acknowledgements (e.g. in case of editorials, reviews, rarely – original papers) • Denial of fair authorship - misconduct

27. Gift author • Authors who do not meet the ICMJE criteria but listed as co-authors • Usually senior researchers, heads of the department, those who provided funding • A colleague who is expected to add your name in his articles without considering your contribution

28. Inappropriate authorship • Ann Intern Med, JAMA, Lancet, Nature Med, N Engl J Med, PLoS Med • Corresponding authors surveyed with 30 questions about contributions of authors • In the sample (n=630) prevalence of honorary authorship, ghost authorship, or both was 21.0% (95%CI 18.0-24.3%) • Honorary authors for research articles 25.0%, reviews 15.0%, editorials 11.2%

29. Honorary authorship • 3 major physical medicine and and rehabilitation journals (2009-2011) • Response 27% (248/908)

30. Honorary authorship in Iran 89% in Iranian J Publ Health, J Kerman UMS, Tehran UM J

31. Guest authorship in a top Iranian journal • N of authors fulfilling ICMJE criteria • 12 issues of AIM, 2005-2007 • Authors/article - 3.5 in 2005, 4.1 in 2006, and 5.6 in 2007 • 296 names evaluated: 186 (62.8%) met the criteria, 110 (37.2%) – ‘guests’ Ghajarzadeh M. Guest Authors in An Iranian Journal. Dev World Bioeth 2012 Oct 1. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12002.

32. How to avoid inappropriate authorship • “Authors by self-regulation can comply with definitions of authorship” • “Journals [editors] can outline the requirements for authorship and require a list of author contributions” • “Institutions can educate and encourage good publication practices”

33. Long and short authors lists

34. Tracking ‘guest’ and ‘gift’ authors

38. Contributions statement • Most journals have this section • Each and every author’s contributions should be mentioned in detail

40. Authorship criteria (2013) • Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work... • Drafting the work or revising it critically... • Final approval of the version to be published... • Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part... http://www.icmje.org/roles_a.html

41. Authorship index • Points for certain activities are awarded: • Intellectual input (planning/designing/interpreting) – maximum 25 • Practical input: data-capture - 25 • Practical input: data processing/organizing - 10 • Specialist input from related fields - 15 • Literary input (first complete draft of manuscript) - 25 • Passing a threshold score (25 out of 100 points) guarantees authorship • Place in the bylines is based on scores • Hunt R. Trying an authorship index. Nature 1991;352:187

42. Authorship index and the by-lines • Points for certain activities are awarded up to 1.0 • Contributions should be given in the by-lines after the authors’ names: • Author A(0.4), B (0.3), C (0.2), D (0.1)

43. Authorship points • 1,000-point system • The whole idea - 250 points • Writing the whole paper - 250 points • Full design, running experiments and analysing data – 500 points • Researchers who score 100 points make the author list, with each person’s point total determining their rank Stephen Kosslyn, Stanford Uni, CA, USA

44. Interchangeable terms Conflict of interestsCompetition of interestsCompeting interests

45. Definition • Circumstances that create a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be disproportionately influenced by a secondary interest • Primary interest - goals of a profession (protection of clients, science integrity) • Secondary interest - financial gain, career gains, favours for family and friends

46. Common conflicts • Self-dealing – an official deals with an organization where holds a post (eg edit accepts his own papers) • Contradicting one another employments • Family interests (nepotism) • Favours and gifts (pharm or commercial agencies)

47. A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person'sprivate interestsand official responsibilities in a position of trust. … The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict. Introduced in 1991

48. COIs in health research • Personal • Commercial/financial • Political • Religious • Ideological • Academic (academic competition) • Intellectual http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/editorialpolicies http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1529-0131/homepage/editor_conflict_guidelines.htm http://www.bmj.com/highwire/section-pdf/8997/1/1 http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-reviewers/competing-interests http://www.nature.com/authors/policies/competing.html

50. COI form for authors • Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf • Financial relationships (regardless of amount of compensation) outside the submitted work • Any patents broadly relevant to the work • Other relationships or activities that readers could perceive to have influenced, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing, what you wrote in the submitted work • Report all sources of revenue paid (or promised to be paid) directly to you or your institution on your behalf over the 36 months prior to submission of the work (grants, lecture fees, drugs, equipment, royalties for a patent, etc.)