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Chapter 62 Management of Patients With Cerebrovascular Disorders

Chapter 62 Management of Patients With Cerebrovascular Disorders. Cerebrovascular Disorders. Functional abnormality of the CNS that occurs when the blood supply is disrupted Stroke is the primary cerebrovascular disorder and the third leading cause of death in the U.S.

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Chapter 62 Management of Patients With Cerebrovascular Disorders

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  1. Chapter 62Management of Patients With Cerebrovascular Disorders

  2. Cerebrovascular Disorders • Functional abnormality of the CNS that occurs when the blood supply is disrupted • Stroke is the primary cerebrovascular disorder and the third leading cause of death in the U.S. • Stroke is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the U.S. • Direct and indirect costs of stroke are $53.6 billion

  3. Prevention • Nonmodifiable risk factors • Age (over 55), male gender, African American race • Modifiable risk factors: see Chart 62-1 • Hypertension: the primary risk factor • Cardiovascular disease • Elevated cholesterol or elevated hematocrit • Obesity • Diabetes • Oral contraceptive use • Smoking and drug and alcohol abuse

  4. Stroke • “Brain attack” • Sudden loss of function resulting from a disruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain • Types of stroke: see Table 62-1 • Ischemic (80% to 85%) • Hemorrhagic (15% to 20%)

  5. Ischemic Stroke • Disruption of the blood supply due to an obstruction, usually a thrombus or embolism, that causes infarction of brain tissue • Types • Large artery thrombosis • Small penetrating artery thrombosis • Cardiogenic embolism • Cryptogenic • Other

  6. Pathophysiology

  7. Manifestations of Ischemic Stroke • Symptoms depend upon the location and size of the affected area • Numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg, especially on one side • Confusion or change in mental status • Trouble speaking or understanding speech • Difficulty in walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination • Sudden, severe headache • Perceptual disturbances • See Tables 62-2and62-3

  8. Cerebrovascular Terms • Hemiplegia • Hemiparesis • Dysarthria • Aphasia: expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia • Hemianopsia

  9. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) • Temporary neurologic deficit resulting from a temporary impairment of blood flow • “Warning of an impending stroke” • Diagnostic work-up is required to treat and prevent irreversible deficits

  10. Carotid Endarterectomy

  11. Preventive Treatment and Secondary Prevention • Health maintenance measures including a healthy diet, exercise, and the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease • Carotid endarterectomy • Anticoagulant therapy • Antiplatelet therapy: aspirin, dipyridamole (Persantine), clopidogrel (Plavix), and ticlopidine (Ticlid) • Statins • Antihypertensive medications

  12. Medical Management DuringAcute Phase of Stroke • Prompt diagnosis and treatment • Assessment of stroke: NIHSS assessment tool • Thrombolytic therapy • Criteria for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA): see Chart 62-2 • IV dosage and administration • Patient monitoring • Side effects: potential bleeding

  13. Medical Management DuringAcute Phase of Stroke (cont.) • Elevate HOB unless contraindicated • Maintain airway and ventilation • Provide continuous hemodynamic monitoring and neurologic assessment • See the guidelines in Appendix B

  14. Hemorrhagic Stroke • Caused by bleeding into brain tissue, the ventricles, or subarachnoid space • May be due to spontaneous rupture of small vessels primarily related to hypertension; subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured aneurysm; or intracerebral hemorrhage related to amyloid angiopathy, arterial venous malformations (AVMs), intracranial aneurysms, or medications such as anticoagulants

  15. Hemorrhagic Stroke (cont.) • Brain metabolism is disrupted by exposure to blood • ICP increases due to blood in the subarachnoid space • Compression or secondary ischemia from reduced perfusion and vasoconstriction injures brain tissue

  16. Manifestations • Similar to ischemic stroke • Severe headache • Early and sudden changes in LOC • Vomiting

  17. Medical Management • Prevention: control of hypertension • Diagnosis: CT scan, cerebral angiography, and lumbar puncture if CT is negative and ICP is not elevated to confirm subarachnoid hemorrhage • Care is primarily supportive • Bed rest with sedation • Oxygen • Treatment of vasospasm, increased ICP, hypertension, potential seizures, and prevention of further bleeding

  18. Intracranial Aneurysms

  19. Nursing Process—Assessing the Patient Recovering From an Ischemic Stroke • Acute phase • Ongoing/frequent monitoring of all systems including vital signs and neurologic assessment: LOC and motor, speech, and eye symptoms • Monitor for potential complications including musculoskeletal problems, swallowing difficulties, respiratory problems, and signs and symptoms of increased ICP and meningeal irritation • After the stroke is complete • Focus on patient function; self-care ability, coping, and teaching needs to facilitate rehabilitation

  20. Nursing Process—Diagnosis of the Patient Recovering From an Ischemic Stroke • Impaired physical mobility • Acute pain • Self-care deficits • Disturbed sensory perception • Impaired swallowing • Urinary incontinence

  21. Nursing Process—Diagnosis of the Patient Recovering From an Ischemic Stroke (cont.) • Disturbed thought processes • Impaired verbal communication • Risk for impaired skin integrity • Interrupted family processes • Sexual dysfunction

  22. Collaborative Problems/Potential Complications • Decreased cerebral blood flow • Inadequate oxygen delivery to brain • Pneumonia

  23. Nursing Process—Planning Patient Recovery After an Ischemic Stroke • Major goals include: • Improved mobility • Avoidance of shoulder pain • Achievement of self-care • Relief of sensory and perceptual deprivation • Prevention of aspiration • Continence of bowel and bladder

  24. Nursing Process—Planning Patient Recovery After an Ischemic Stroke (cont.) • Major goals include (cont): • Improved thought processes • Achievement of a form of communication • Maintenance of skin integrity • Restoration of family functioning • Improved sexual function • Absence of complications

  25. Interventions • Focus on the whole person • Provide interventions to prevent complications and to promote rehabilitation • Provide support and encouragement • Listen to the patient

  26. Improving Mobility and Preventing Joint Deformities • Turn and position the patient in correct alignment every 2 hours • Use splints • Practice passive or active ROM 4 to 5 times day • Position hands and fingers • Prevent flexion contractures • Prevent shoulder abduction • Do not lift by flaccid shoulder • Implement measures to prevent and treat shoulder problems

  27. Positioning to Prevent Shoulder Abduction

  28. Prone Positioning to Help Prevent Hip Flexion

  29. Improving Mobility and Preventing Joint Deformities • Perform passive or active ROM 4 to 5 times day • Encourage patient to exercise unaffected side • Establish regular exercise routine • Use quadriceps setting and gluteal exercises • Assist patient out of bed as soon as possible: assess and help patient achieve balance and move slowly • Implement ambulation training

  30. Interventions • Enhance self-care • Set realistic goals with the patient • Encourage personal hygiene • Ensure that patient does not neglect the affected side • Use assistive devices and modification of clothing • Provide support and encouragement • Implement strategies to enhance communication: see Chart 62-4 • Encourage the patient with visual field loss to turn his head and look to side

  31. Interventions (cont.) • Nutrition • Consult with speech therapist or nutritionist • Have patient sit upright to eat, preferably OOB • Use chin tuck or swallowing method • Feed thickened liquids or pureed diet • Bowel and bladder control • Assess and schedule voiding • Implement measures to prevent constipation: fiber, fluid, and toileting schedule • Provide bowel and bladder retraining

  32. Nursing Process—Assessment of the Patient With a Hemorrhagic Stroke/Cerebral Aneurysm • Complete an ongoing neurologic assessment: use neurologic flow chart • Monitor respiratory status and oxygenation • Monitor ICP • Monitor patients with intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage in the ICU • Monitor for potential complications • Monitor fluid balance and laboratory data • Reported all changes immediately

  33. Nursing Process—Diagnosis of the Patient With a Hemorrhagic Stroke/Cerebral Aneurysm • Ineffective tissue perfusion (cerebral) • Disturbed sensory perception • Anxiety

  34. Collaborative Problems/Potential Complications • Vasospasm • Seizures • Hydrocephalus • Rebleeding • Hyponatremia

  35. Nursing Process—Planning Care of the Patient With a Hemorrhagic Stroke/Cerebral Aneurysm • Goals may include: • Improved cerebral tissue perfusion • Relief of sensory and perceptual deprivation • Relief of anxiety • Absence of complications

  36. Aneurysm Precautions • Absolute bed rest • Elevate HOB 30° to promote venous drainage or keep the bed flat to increase cerebral perfusion • Avoid all activity that may increase ICP or BP; implement Valsalva maneuver, acute flexion, and rotation of the neck or head • Exhale through mouth when voiding or defecating to decrease strain

  37. Aneurysm Precautions (cont.) • Nurse provides all personal care and hygiene • Provide nonstimulating, nonstressful environment: dim lighting, no reading, no TV, and no radio • Prevent constipation • Restrict visitors

  38. Interventions • Relieve sensory deprivation and anxiety • Keep sensory stimulation to a minimum for aneurysm precautions • Implement reality orientation • Provide patient and family teaching • Provide support and reassurance • Implement seizure precautions • Implement strategies to regain and promote self-care and rehabilitation

  39. Home Care and Teaching for the Patient Recovering From a Stroke • Prevention of subsequent strokes, health promotion, and implementation of follow-up care • Prevention of and signs and symptoms of complications • Medication teaching • Safety measures • Adaptive strategies and use of assistive devices for ADLs

  40. Home Care and Teaching for the Patient Recovering From a Stroke (cont.) • Nutrition: diet, swallowing techniques, and tube feeding administration • Elimination: bowel and bladder programs and catheter use • Exercise and activities: recreation and diversion • Socialization, support groups, and community resources • See Chart 62-6

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