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General Pathology I

General Pathology I. Introduction Methods. Pathology. science on diseases causes (etiology) mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis) development (prognosis). Pathology. general special organ nosological (nosos= illness). Methodology of Pathology.

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General Pathology I

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  1. General Pathology I • Introduction • Methods

  2. Pathology science on diseases • causes (etiology) • mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis) • development (prognosis)

  3. Pathology • general • special • organ • nosological (nosos= illness)

  4. Methodology of Pathology Observation subject • necropsy (autopsy) • biopsy • cytology • experiment • animals • tissue cultures

  5. Observation level macroscopy microscopy ultrastructure Special methods histochemistry immunohistochemistry quantitative (computer) image analysis genetic methods FISH, PCR, CGH, … Methodology of Pathology

  6. Autopsy After the 2nd world war standing decrease abroad < 10%, Czech Rep. < 50% Aims clinicopathological diagnosis cause of death dg. errors therapy effects assessment data on old and new diseases teaching event. medicolegal aspects of death

  7. Autopsy dissection method unchanged since the end of 19th century changes in taking material for special methods & their employment to cope with clinical questions

  8. Clinicopathological Diagnosis • Morbus principalis • Complicationes • Causa mortis • Inventus accesorius • Epicrisis

  9. Biopsy • After the 2nd world war standing increase • Aims • nosological diagnosis • tumour pathology • staging, grading • evaluation of therapy efficiency

  10. „Classical“ Biopsy (formol paraffin technique) • simple may be done in two days • immuno reactions two days more • further sectioning two days more • oncol. dg. - WHO classification

  11. Peroperation Biopsy- Frozen section • reported DURING MINUTES !!! • morphological artefacts (combination with cytology) • limited extensity of investigation • limited time

  12. Cytology • After the 2nd world war standing increase • Aims • screening • nosological diagnosis • evaluation of therapy efficiency

  13. Morphological Diagnostic Methods • Clinical • Pathological

  14. Morphological Diagnostic Methods • Clinical: • macroscopy of lesions • visible with the naked eye • invisible with the naked eye - IMAGING (X-ray, sonography, scintigraphy, endoscopy, CT,…) • magnifying glass - colposcopy

  15. Morphological Diagnostic Methods • Pathological • macroscopy • microscopy • ultrastructure • IMAGING

  16. Morphometric Investigations objectivisation & refinement of diagnostic methods staging (e.g.malignant melanoma) grading (e.g.kidney carcinoma)

  17. Pathology an extremely exciting medical specialty helping to understand & treat the diseases via diagnostic service forall other specialties

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