Review of Previous Unit

1. Review of Previous Unit

2. Roaring Twenties United States HistoryPost-War Tension

3. Fear of Things Foreign • Immigration vs. Isolation • The Red Scare • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial • New Immigration Laws • The Great Migration • Harlem Renaissance • Garveyism • The New Ku Klux Klan • The Scopes “Monkey” Trial • Prohibition

4. Immigration vs. Isolation • "Second Wave" of immigrants to  the United States. • The immigrants came  to the U.S. seeking better economic opportunities for their families. • Often they came across  strong feelings of prejudice and nativism from the Americans. • They were victims of discrimination in the work place, identified as radicals, were targets of the Ku Klux Klan, and faced various other problems.

5. The Red Scare • Anti-Communist panic throughout the United States • Resulted from the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia • Along with the spread of communism in Hungary and Bavaria • Fear of Communism results in Government creating a “General Intelligence Division” in the Dept. of Justice • Established by A. Mitchell Palmer • headed by J. Edgar Hoover • given job to arrest and deport potential radicals

6. The Red Scare • The Palmer Raids and Deportations • Foreigners were especially vulnerable to attacks • Palmer’s men stage raids on the Union of Russian Works • Through out 12 cities • 249 aliens were deported back to Russia on a ship Nicknamed the “The Soviet Ark.” • More raids followed resulting in: • 4,000 arrest within 33 cities • Public View • William Allen White called the methods “un-American” • Generally American’s applauded Palmer’s methods stating that the raids: • reduced the communist threat • demoralized American radicals • reduced labor strikes

7. Vanzetti and Sacco Sacco and Vanzetti • Two Italian self-proclaimed “Radicals” • convicted of a robbery and murder in 1920 • trial was a travesty of justice • Great deal of controversy • Trial not about murder but ideology and ethnic heritage

8. Sacco and Vanzetti “I am suffering because I am a radical. Indeed I am a radical. I have suffered because I was an Italian. Indeed, I am an Italian. I have suffered more for my family and my beloved than for myself. But I am so convinced to be right that if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already. I have finished. Thank you.” -- Vanzetti’s final statement, 1927

9. New Immigration Laws • 1917 Literacy Test • National Origins Quota Act (1924) • Slanted toward favoring “old immigrants” • Doors wide open to western hemisphere countries • Increased mechanization had reduced need for labor

10. The Great Migration • Occurred from around 1910 to the early 1930's. Consisted of African Americans moving from the south to the north. • Between 1915 and 1919 between 400,000 to 500,000 southerners journeyed north and nearly one million more followed during the 1920's.

11. “Migration” Cont’d • A large influence for heading north was to be found in the Chicago Defender which helped to shape the character, magnitude, and direction of the movement.

12. The Reasons for Heading North: • Economic Growth • World War I caused a large amount of jobs to open to African Americans in mills and factories in northern cities. • To escape financial hardship in the south which was brought on by failing crops. • Political Growth • By 1928, the first African American Congressman was elected. • Social Growth • moving North they were escaping increasing racism in the south, including the formation of the Ku Klux Klan. There was also better housing. • In the South there was little opportunity for education, and children labored in the fields. • In the North children were able to attend schools

13. Harlem Renaissance • The Great Migration let African Americans North and many settled in Harlem, New York. This provided the start of the Harlem Renaissance. • The Harlem renaissance was a period of extraordinary creativity among African-American writers, artists, musicians and actors. • In the 1920’s what was happening was referred to as the New Negro Movement. The Harlem Renaissance is now thought of as a literary movement.

14. More on the Harlem Renaissance • Music • During this time Blues and Jazz flourished. Blues originated from work songs, ring shouts, field hollers and religious call-and-response rituals of the slave South. Jazz grew out of Blues as a combination of European musical forms and complex African percussive rhythms.

15. More on the Harlem Renaissance • Literature • Langston Hughes was a famous writer of this period. • Many of his poems are children’s poems. • His first published works were in a children’s magazine during the 1920’s. • He wanted to inspire the youth. • Much of his poetry talks of the hardships, poverty, inequality, etc. of the African-American people.

16. Journal Activity • Who inspired the Harlem Renaissance? Identify and describe the work of writes such as Sinclair Lewis, Alain Locke, Langston Hughes, Gertrude Stein, and Zora Neale Hurston.

17. Garveyism • Marcus Garvey • Journalist • Arrived in New York City at the age of 28 • Enthused audiences with his version of African American self-help doctrine • Advocated separate development within the U.S. and later Africa • Forms the Universal Negro Improvement Association • Peak membership of 250,000 • “Back to Africa” • Campaign to transport African American back to Africa • Establish a new country and government

18. The New Ku Klux Klan • Revived in Georgia in 1915 • Small Regional Group until 1920 • Received publicity in 1920 • grew to 5 million members by 1925

19. 100% Americanism • This new KKK promoted "100% Americanism": • Protestantism • Charity • Motherhood • Morality • Temperance • Education

20. What did that mean? • What’s not 100% American? • Main targets • Roman Catholics • Jews • African Americans • "Every instinct, every interest, every dictate of conscience and public spirit insists that white supremacy forever shall be maintained." • Imperial Wizard, Hiram Wesley Evans

21. Influence of the Klan • Not limited to the South • Captured six governorships, including Colorado • dominated city council in Denver • very active in Grand Junction • Strongest in Indiana, Texas, and Ohio • Membership wanes after 1925 • but it does not go away • Demonstrates how close to the surface fear of outsiders is

22. Aimee Semple McPherson Religious Fundamentalism • Central Tenets • The virgin birth of Jesus Christ • Jesus' physical resurrection • The second coming of Christ was imminent and physical • Every word of the Bible is literally true • Strongest in the South, Midwest, and West

23. The Scopes “Monkey” Trial • About academic freedom on the surface • teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution • Actually about opposing views of society • modern, urban, intellectual rationalism and secularism • religious dogma and old-fashioned, rural values • Clarence Darrow v. William Jennings Bryan John Scopes

24. Darrow vs. Bryan

25. Prohibition • Prohibition (1919) • 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution • Goal was to decrease alcohol consumption and criminal activities related to consumption • Major victory for tolerance advocates • Volstead Act (1922) • Aim was to enforce the 18th amendment • Placed bans on the manufacturing and sale of intoxicating liquor throughout America.

26. Prohibition • Public Reaction • Upper/middle classes flaunted the law • Speakeasies • Clubs where liquor was sold in violation of the law • A Boost to Organized Crime • Al “Scarface” Capone • St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929) • Ultimate failure of prohibition

27. Coming Attractions Preview of Next Unit

28. Coming Soon: • Laissez-faire Politics • A Return to Normalcy • Republican Leadership • Big Business • Ford and the Automobile • Leisure and Entertainment • Hoover’s Election