The Market Revolution

1. The Market Revolution Changes in transportation, and methods of production and the movement to production for market  social revolution

2. 18th century – pre-industrial, home economies, farmer/artisans, no fixed sense of time, “just price,” limited use of money, limited world and horizons Pre-Industrial America

3. Transportation Revolution (1800 – 1840)

4. Between 1800 and 1840, roads and canals  growth, mobility and commercial spirit.  MARKET ECONOMY

5. Poor Roads made river travel essential! • 1800 – most road impassible • Turnpikes • Fed govt: National Road • Linked East and West. • Steamboats: • 1807 Fulton • upstream travel; • Impact on west and south greatest.

6. Canals: quicker and cheaper transportation. Erie Canal built by NY and Gov. Clinton, Buffalo on Lake Erie to the Hudson River to NYC, trade center. farmers in the West became part of a national market. Displaced NE farmers Towns along the canal grew rapidly. HUGE IMPACT! Linked North and West NYC replaced NOLA canal boom followed.

8. The railroad. Mostly - north No standard gauge. 1850s consolidation of rail lines facilitated standardization. Greatest significance post bellum some impact on civil war

9. Commercial Agriculture • Still 2/3 farmed • Transportation and innovations  production for sale, greater number of single crop farms in west • Deere steel plow (1837) • McCormick Reaper (1833) 4X daily production

10. The Cotton Gin

11. tobacco, rice, indigo through constitution Cotton gin – Whitney- (1793)  (100 lbs not 5 lbs. a day) AND!!! British and NE manufacturing AND!!! Changing tastes Cotton became cash crop of the south.

12. originally in coastal areas, spread to gulf states – Black Belt – Alabama Fever! Land cleared of Indians by Jackson in war of 1812 “down river” ½ of slaves of upper south sold to black belt “coffle” slave pens” One in five marriages terminated; 1/3 of children sold Slaves stressed family, community, faith and hope of freedom Note: black belt explains areas of high AA pop through 1940s. Cotton Kingdom.

13. Manufacturing • transportation revolution, innovations, the factory system, resources (cotton), water power and work force  Manufacturing on a new scale IN NE MOSTLY, ALSO NY

14. Support of Government for Manufacturing • Embargo and War “buy American” • National Bank and Tariff • State infrastructure projects (75%) • Court decisions • Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) the rights of community outweigh monopoly and privilege! • Laws of free incorporation • Support of patents

15. Standardized Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney 1798 Samuel Slater’s Mill (1790 -RI) (spinning) workforce mostly children Stolen technology “American System of Manufactures”

16. Lowell: Boston Associates (1823) First mill to combine all process of production women operatives anxious for pre-wedding opportunities, displaced by western farming Utopian/philanthropic Lowell Offering Eventually replaced by immigrants 1840s, necessity of cheap labor to compete FIRST FACTORIES

18. The Effects of the Market Revolution!

19. eg: By 1850, New York =500,000, Philadelphia = 400,000: Boston = 140,00. Mill towns on rivers! throughout New England such as Lowell and Manchester 1. Growth of cities

22. Relationships Workplace less personal, “wage slavery”, less independence and status 6 days, 12 hours Child labor Tyranny of clocks (alcohol?)  conflict Political action/Boston Mechanics First shrike by Lowell Women in 1834 over pay cut “daughter of freemen still” 2. Changing Workplace

24. Real wages improved but gap between rich and poor grew 3/8 owned no property; 50 – 70% in poverty Drunkenness (1/2) pint a day and riotous behavior – new calls for social control Tocqueville “I look upon the size of certain American cities, and especially on the nature of their population, as a real danger” 3. Changing class structure and poverty

25. 4. Changes at Home (Bushnell) • declining birth rate among middle elite classes (7 to 5 births) • discovery of children – “spoilage” • Few women worked in factories – certainly not married women; poor women worked as domestics • Women no longer shared in production! • new ideas of separate spheres and cult of domesticity • Catherine Beecher “A Treatise of Domestic Economy” • Men’s sphere: income and family decisions; the public sphere • Women’s sphere = the home, nurturing husband and kids • Independence in the home (but granted by husband) • Legal status still that of a minor, no right to vote, own property, hold office • Aimed toward middle-class, white native born women

26. it is needful that certain relations be sustained, that involve the duties of subordination. There must be the magistrate and the subject, one of whom is the superior, and the other the inferior. There must be the relations of husband and wife, parent and child, teacher and pupil, employer and employed, each involving the relative duties of subordination. The superior in certain particulars is to direct, and the inferior is to yield obedience. Society could never go forward, harmoniously, nor could any craft or profession be successfully pursued, unless these superior and subordinate relations be instituted and sustained. In this Country, it is established, both by opinion and by practice, that women have an equal interest in all social and civil concerns; and that no domestic, civil, or political, institution, is right, that sacrifices her interest to promote that of the other sex. But in order to secure her the more firmly in all these privileges, it is decided, that, in the domestic relation, she take a subordinate station, and that, in civil and political concerns, her interests be entrusted to the other sex, without her taking any part in voting, or in making and administering laws.

27. Cult of Domesticity

28. H. Knight, The family at home, 1836

29. Separate spheres

30. Role in reform movements – an extension of women’s sphere 1848 Seneca Falls Convention – Declaration of Sentiments (200W; 40M) Inspired by abolitionist movement which did not allow full opportunities; republicanism and DofI Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Men and women equal Demands: right to vote, independent civil identities, Movement overshadowed by abolitionism Women, Changing Roles and Rights

31. Increased educational opportunities – Mount Holyoke (Mary Lyon)

32. Bloomers!

33. 5. Slavery – 4 million by 1860 population of the US 31M • A. slavery more concentrated in deep south • B. slaves more valuable

34. Most southerners owned no slaves. • Note only ¼ of families owned slaves; most owned 1 or 2 but slaves became more concentrated over time.

35. The Planter Class – 20 or more slaves • Very rare: 1 owned more than 1000, 11 owned 500, 3000 owned 100, 46,000 were planters. In a total white pop. Of 8 million. • Much wealth tied up in slaves and land. • Great resentment of dependence on northern industry and capital.

36. IMPORTANT!!! Cotton is king! • Cotton in 1840 = 1/2 US exports • Northern economic benefits: shipping, banking, insurance, growing textile manufacturing • England: 1/5 population engaged in textiles. Source of southern confidence but… • The south counted on cotton to coerce support.

37. “there is no slave like a wife” - Mary Chestnut – supervise domestic activities, manage slaves, Don’t copy, understand: “a monstrous system.. Our men live all in one house with their wives and their concubines; and the mulattos one sees in every family partly resemble the white children. Any lady is ready to tell you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody’s household but her own.” The planter mistress

38. 6. A New Population • Immigration had slowed through 1815 but greatly increased between 1830 – 1860 • New Diversity – the Irish and Germans • Germans less of a problem – not urban, not usually catholic • Irish, especially in the late 1840s and 1850s were fleeing the potato famine and British rule. 1.8 million • Growing number in cities and factories • Solidly democrat – they carried the election for Jackson

40. “our foreign population is too much in the habit of retaining their own national usages… It would be the part of wisdom to abandon at once all usages and associations which mark them as foreigners” Nativism Perceived threat to democracy and order! 1837 - the Order of the Star Spangled Banner 1854 – Know Nothing or American Party Exclusion of immigrants from public office; extend period of naturalization Not successful Unease among the Whigs

43. Review of religion in early America • 1. In what important ways did religion shape New England? • 2. In what important ways did religion shape Pennsylvania? • 3. What was the First Great Awakening and how did it influence the American Revolution and American nationalism? • 4. How did the Puritan ideas of human nature influence the Constitution?

44. Religion, Democracy and Change Second Great Awakening • perfectionism, rejection of Calvinism, American optimism • All men are capable of salvation (democratic heaven) • Larger role of women • Response to change and stress, loss of communities, and new move to democracy

45. communal religions: Predicated on the belief that the end of history was near (nationalism?) Shakers: Anne Lee – celibacy, community, craftsmanship, music Oneidans JH Noyes, communalism, complex marriage, also abolitionists (abolitionism linked to free love!)

46. Millerites (Adventists) Adventists – Jesus’ return is imminent (10/22/43)

47. Mormons: (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints An American Religion, forced to move to MO, IL and then UT where it survived and grew American concerns: communalism, polygamy

48. Unitarianism: Transcendentalism: Extreme form of romanticism – stressed emotion, intuition, sensing, and understanding, and the Universal Being which transcended ordinary life Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau RWE celebrated American cultural separation HDT: civil disobedience, opposed rank materialism and “lives of quiet desperation” Brook Farm and Fruitland's (Concord MA) transcendentalists commune – rejected individualism but too much study led to failure Unitarianism and Transcendentalism (1830s)

49. Reform movements: believe that improved environment will lead to improved men and an improved society. Generally pursued by associations – outside of government Importance of women and Whigs Mostly in the North Inspired by second great awakening and Jacksonianism ideals of opportunity Control? Concern? Opportunity? education temperance penitentiaries and asylums

50. Asylums and Prisons • Dorothea Dix (nursing, nurturing): humane conditions for mentally ill  asylums (new environment)