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Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical Cancer Screening. Dale Akkerman Ob/Gyn, Burnsville office. Remember. Goal of cervical cancer screening program is to detect neoplasia to allow intervention to prevent early invasive cervical cancer and to reduce mortality Goal is not to prevent any or all abnormal cytologic reports.

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Cervical Cancer Screening

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  1. Cervical CancerScreening Dale Akkerman Ob/Gyn, Burnsville office

  2. Remember • Goal of cervical cancer screening program is to detect neoplasia to allow intervention to prevent early invasive cervical cancer and to reduce mortality • Goal is not to prevent any or all abnormal cytologic reports

  3. Cervical Cancer Screening • No screening before age 21 regardless of age of onset of sexual activity • Screening every two years between ages of 21-29 and every three years after age 30 after three consecutive normal Pap tests. • Stop screening between ages 65-70 if no abnormal Pap tests in 10 years.

  4. Caveat • Does not apply to women who are immunosuppressed, HIV positive, have been exposed to DES in utero, or have prior history of CIN 2/3+ • Source: American Cancer Society and ACOG

  5. Sources for Abnormal Pap Smear Management • Definitive reference for abnormal Pap smear management is ASCCP (American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology). May download guidelines at asccp.org • Simplification found in Initial Management of Abnormal Cervical Cytology. May download at icsi.org

  6. Concept of CIN-2/3+ • CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) is a histologic, not cytologic diagnosis • Various cytologic reports are meant to convey more accurately the cytopathologist’s concern that a patient’s lesion has risk of CIN-2, CIN-3, AIS, or cervical cancer

  7. CIN-2/3+ (continued) • This significant risk is referred to as CIN-2/3+ • Screening results which suggest a high probability of CIN-2/3+ should alert the clinician the patient needs immediate and thorough evaluation to rule out gynecologic malignancy

  8. Concept of Equivalent Risk • Presence of HPV+ DNA in an ASC cytology result carries an equivalent risk of CIN-2/3+ as an LSIL cytology result • Hence, these results should be managed similarly (colposcopy and on-going follow-up)

  9. Special Case: Pregnancy • Only diagnosis which alters clinical management of the pregnancy is invasive cancer • If screening suggests high risk for CIN-2/3+, patient should undergo colposcopy without endocervical sampling • If low risk for CIN-2/3+, either colposcopy as above or wait 8-12 weeks postpartum

  10. Special Case: Younger Women • Spontaneous resolution of CIN-1 and CIN-2 occurs at 70% and 50% rates • Most HPV+ infections resolve within 24 months • Risk of invasive cancer approaches zero • For these reasons, no cervical cancer screening is recommended for patients age 20 or younger

  11. ASCUS (Atypical Squamous Cells) • Need to known HPV status • Concern centers on high-risk subtypes (HPV+) • Risk of CIN-2/3+ is 5-10%

  12. ASCUS, HPV negative (HPV-) • This Pap smear is considered normal • Repeat Pap smear in 12 months • If persistent for two years, consider referral for evaluation of findings: source of inflammation or rare circumstance of HPV subtype not in current testing profile

  13. ASCUS, HPV positive (HPV+) • Colposcopy • Endocervical sampling if no lesion visualized or if colposcopic exam is unsatisfactory

  14. ASCUS and HPV+:Colposcopy shows no CIN • Cytology in 6 and 12 months OR • Only HPV testing in 12 months • If cytology ≥ ASC or HPV +, repeat colposcopy • If cytology normal or HPV-, return to routine screening

  15. LSIL (Low-grade squamous Lesion) • Colposcopy • 15-30% risk CIN-2/3+ • 80% HPV+ • Endocervical sampling if colposcopic exam unsatisfactory except for pregnant patients

  16. LSIL: CIN-2/3+ • Per ASCCP guidelines

  17. LSIL: No CIN-2/3+ • Cytology at 6 and 12 months OR • Only HPV testing at 12 months • If cytology ≥ ASC or HPV +, repeat colposcopy • If cytology normal or HPV-, return to routine screening

  18. ASC-H (cannot exclude HSIL) • Colposcopy • If no CIN-2/3+, manage as LSIL: no CIN- 2/3+ • If CIN-2/3+, manage as per ASCCP guidelines

  19. Pregnant, ASCUS or LSIL • Preferably immediate colposcopy or defer at least 6 weeks after delivery (better 8-12 weeks postpartum) • If colposcopy during pregnancy shows no CIN-2/3+, do follow-up screening postpartum

  20. HSIL (High-grade squam lesion) • Up to 95% risk for CIN-2/3+ • Either colposcopic exam or immediate LEEP are acceptable options • No LEEP for pregnant women

  21. HSIL: no CIN-2/3+ • If unsatisfactory colposcopy, perform diagnostic excisional procedure (LEEP) • If satisfactory, may observe with colposcopy and cytology at 6 and 12 months OR perform diagnostic excisional procedure (LEEP) • If negative cytology X 2, routine screening • If HSIL, needs diagnostic excision (LEEP)

  22. AGC (Atypical Glandular Cells) • Several subtypes for this cytologic class • Also includes AIS (adenoca in situ) • For any subtype, need colposcopy; HPV testing; endocervical and endometrial sampling • ICSI guidelines streamline ASCCP recommendations

  23. Subsequent Managementfor AGC • Numerous arms and options • Refer to ASCCP guideline for particular plan of action based on initial cytology report: AGC favor neoplasia, AGC (NOS), AGC favor endometrial origin, AGC favor endocervical origin, AIS

  24. BEC (Benign Endometrial Cells) • Only reported if patient age 40 or older • Determine if patient has irregular bleeding, risk factors for endometrial cancer, or if patient is postmenopausal • If “yes” for any of these categories, patient needs endometrial sampling • Otherwise repeat cytology in 12 months

  25. Risk Factors for Endometrial Ca • Tamoxifen or other SERM use • Family or personal history of ovarian, breast, colon or endometrial cancer • Chronic anovulation • Obesity • Prior endometrial hyperplasia

  26. Primary HPV Testing • Patient ≥ 30 years old • Cytology must be negative and no recent change in sexual partner • If HPV-, routine screening not needed for at least 3 years • If HPV +, repeat cytology and HPV testing in 12 months

  27. Primary HPV testing, HPV+ • If both repeat cytology and HPV-, routine screening no sooner than 3 years • If cytology negative and HPV+, needs colposcopy • If cytology abnormal, follow usual category algorithm

  28. New in HPV Testing • Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) made by Qiagen detects 13 high-risk HPV subtypes, but does not distinguish individual HPV types [used by PNC] • Cervista HPV 16/18 made by Hologic detects and specifically identifies high-risk HPV types 16 and 18

  29. HPV Vaccination • Minimum age is 9 years old • There is a quadrivalent vaccine (HPV4) for prevention of cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer and genital warts • There is a bivalent vaccine (HPV2) for prevention of cervical cancer • Best administered before exposure to HPV from sexual contact

  30. HPV Vaccination, continued • Typically administer first dose to females at age 11 or 12 • Second dose 1-2 months after first dose and third dose 6 months after first dose (minimum of 24 weeks between first and third dose) • Can administer to females between ages of 13 and 18

  31. HPV Vaccination, continued • Can do catch-up immunization to age 26 • Relatively older females typically have only one strain of HPV and will benefit from the vaccination series • HPV4 can be administered as a three-dose series to males aged 9 to 18 to prevent genital warts

  32. HPV Vaccination, continued • If pregnancy occurs during series, postpone subsequent doses until after pregnancy completed • No evidence of increased fetal abnormalities or fetal wastage from exposure

  33. HPV Vaccination Reactions • Alum agent causes 85% to complain of pain and 25% to have redness at site • Syncopal episodes not greater than for other vaccinations in same age group • 70% of syncopal episodes occur in first 15 minutes; patient should recline for that span of time • Source: icsi.org

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