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Exploring Animal Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Delve into the specialized cells of the body, from the epithelial lining the surfaces to connective tissue's abundant variations. Learn about muscular movement and nervous input, understanding how organs and systems collaborate. Discover the skin's protective functions and the organs within, maintaining homeostasis through feedback mechanisms.

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Exploring Animal Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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  1. Animal Organization and Homeostasis

  2. Tissues • Specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body • Types • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous

  3. Epithelial tissue • Covers surfaces and lines body cavities • Mostly functions in protection • Exposed to environment on 1 side, basement membrane on the other that anchors it to the connective tissue • Named according to shape of cell • Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube) and columnar (column) • Stratified (layered), pseudosratified (looks layered)

  4. Glandular epithelial • Secretes a product • Exocrine • into a duct • Endocrine • into the blood stream

  5. Connective tissue • Most abundant • Each type has • specialized cells • Ground substance • Protein fibers • Types • Fibrous connective • (loose and dense) • Adipose • Cartilage • Bone • blood

  6. Fibrous connective tissue • Contain fibroblast cells within a gel matrix • Loose fibrous – support • Adipose – energy reservoir, insulation • Dense fibrous – found in tendons and ligaments, contains collagen fibers

  7. Supportive connective tissue • Cartilage – cells in chambers called lacunae surrounded by a gel like matrix • 3 types of cartilage (based on fibers in matrix) • Hyaline – most common, fine collagen fibers • Elastic - more flexible • Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers

  8. Bone • Hard matrix of inorganic salts around protein fibers • Compact bone – shaft of long bones • Cylindrical structures called osteons • Bone cells found within lacunae • Spongy bone – end of long bones • Contains bony bars and plates with space between • Built for strength

  9. Fluid Connective Tissues • Blood – formed elements and plasma • Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells, in red bone marrow • Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluid, distribute heat and fluid, ion and pH balance • RBC’s – small, no nucleus, round • WBC – larger, have a nucleus, phagocytes, produce antibodies • Platelets – involved in blood clotting • Lymph – in lymph vessels, absorbs excess fluid

  10. Muscular tissue • Made of cells called muscle fibers • Actin – thin, myosin – thick • Movement and generation of heat • 3 types • Skeletal – voluntary, striated • Smooth – visceral, involuntary, no striations • Cardiac – muscles of the heart, involuntary, striated, intercalated disks

  11. Nervous tissue • Contain neurons (1 trillion on average) • 3 parts: axon, cell body, dendrite • Functions in sensory input, integration of data, and motor output • Neuroglia – support and nourish neurons • Microglia - phagocyte • Astroglia – provide nutrients • Oligodendroglia – form myelin in brain

  12. Organs and organ systems • Organ – 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform the same function • Organ system – organs working together to carry out a process

  13. Skin • Largest organ • Functions for protection and thermoregulation • Contains receptors that monitor touch, pressure, temperature and pain • Epidermis • Dermis • subcutaneous

  14. Epidermis • Stratified squamous • Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands • Skin cells are pushed to surface of skin and slough off • Melanocytes – cells that produce melanin, pigment, UV rays induce production (vit.D) • Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma are types of skin cancer

  15. Dermis and Subcutaneous • Contains collagen and elastic fibers • Overstretching due to fast weight gain can cause stretch marks • Blood vessels and sensory receptors • Subcutaneous – not true part of skin, source of energy, produces padding, overall rounded appearance

  16. Accessory organs of the skin • Nails – protective covering, can be useful medically • hair – begin in dermis, extend out of epidermis, dead, hardened epidermal cells • Each follicle has an oil gland that when clogged, produces white heads or black heads (oxidized sebum) • Glands – sweat (sudoriferous)

  17. Organ systems • 2 main body cavities: • Dorsal (cranial and vertebral cavity) • Ventral (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity)

  18. Homeostasis • Maintaining and internal balance • Negative feedback – keeps a variable close to a particular value ex. – body temp. • Positive feedback – brings a greater change in the same direction ex. Oxytocin and birth

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