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Tetany

Tetany. By: Hannah Gilman. What is it?. Muscle cramps, spasms or tremors Can occur anywhere Face, fingers, calves Due to low calcium levels: hypocalcemia Ca concentration in extracellular fluids drops Affects the nervous system Sending impulses to skeletal muscles. Hyperventilation .

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Tetany

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  1. Tetany By: Hannah Gilman

  2. What is it? • Muscle cramps, spasms or tremors • Can occur anywhere • Face, fingers, calves • Due to low calcium levels: hypocalcemia • Ca concentration in extracellular fluids drops • Affects the nervous system • Sending impulses to skeletal muscles

  3. Hyperventilation • Removes too much CO2: resulting in respiratory alkalosis (lower H+ and increased pH) • Increases Calcium proteinate and lowers free Ca++ • Increased excitability causes spontaneous tingling in fingers and toes due to increased sensitivity in the motor axons and peripheral nerves • Parathyroid hormone regulates Ca++ • Tetany is a major sign of hypoparathyroidism

  4. Causes • Diarrhea • Kidney disease • Thyroid or pancreas problems • Pregnancy and breast feeding • Malnutrition • Vitamin D deficiency • Some medications • Calcium deficiency

  5. Symptoms of Tetany Non-Severe Severe • Abdominal pain • Chronic diarrhea • Muscle pain • Tingling in hands or feet • Twitching fingers • Loss of muscle coordination • Loss/change in vision • Paralysis • Seizures • Slurred speech • Sudden difficulty with memory, thinking, talking, writing or reading • Sudden weakness or numbness on one side

  6. Who Does it Affect? • Anyone • As a consequence of sustained hyperventilation or following excessive vomiting • Often from an endocrine disorder • Neonatal, children, cows, chickens and dogs • Occurs more in temperate zones/winter • Marathoners • Anorexic or bulimic • Old people

  7. Treatment • Detection of low calcium levels is important • Tetany can be fatal if it involves laryngeal or pharyngeal muscles; which blocks the airway • IV Treatment • Calcium carbonate is used in the initial stage of Hypocalcemia • Calcium gluconate is used for muscle cramps or nerve weakness • Calcium chloride is for patients in serious condition

  8. Calcium Factors enhancing absorption Factors that limit absorption • Parathyroid hormone • Glucose and lactose • Digestive motility • Vitamin D & K • Large amounts of phytic acid • Excess of phosphorus and magnesium in diet • Polyphenols in tea • Vitamin D deficiency • Diarrhea • Old age * Upper limit 2500 mg

  9. How vitamin D & Calcium work together • Vitamin D facilitates Ca absorption in the intestine • By going thru the intestine and into the blood stream • Helps reclaim Ca in kidneys • 1% of the body’s Ca is in the blood plasma, the rest is in the bones • RDA Calcium: ~1000mg • RDA vitamin D: ~600IU

  10. Where they can be found Calcium Vitamin D • Yogurt: 450 mg • Parmesan cheese: 390 mg • 1% milk: 300 mg • Spinach: 250 mg • Salmon: 210 mg • Chocolate pudding: 160 mg • Tofu: 140 mg • Others: cheese, kale, soy milk, energy bars • The Sun: 400 IU/15min • Salmon: 238 IU • Sardines: 136 IU • Canned tuna: 136 IU • 1% milk: 99 IU • Mushrooms: 73 IU • Special K cereal: 30 IU • Others: cheeses, cereal, energy bars, eggs, butter, liver

  11. Diet Plan: Day 1 Lunch Breakfast Snack

  12. Totals for the Day Diet Plan: Day 1 Dinner

  13. Diet Plan: Day 2 Breakfast Lunch Snack

  14. Diet Plan: Day 2 Totals for the Day Dinner

  15. Lunch Diet Plan: Day 3 Breakfast Snack

  16. Diet Plan: Day 3 Totals for the Day Dinner

  17. Questions • What two components must work together to prevent tetany and osteoporosis? • Calcium & Vitamin D • What is the best source of vitamin D? 2. Sunshine! • What percent of Ca is in the blood plasma? Where is the majority held? 3. 1% in the blood plasma & 99% in the bones

  18. Bibliography "Tetany." - Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. Healthgrades, 02 May 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. <http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/tetany>. Blakemore, Colin. "Tetany." Encyclopedia.com. The Oxford Companion to the Body, 2001. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/tetany.aspx>. Dr.John. "Hypocalcemia - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment." Current Health Articles and Tips. Howshealth, 04 Sept. 2010. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. <http://howshealth.com/hypocalcemia/>. "Calcium Rich Foods, Foods With Calcium." , Calcium Deficiency Symptoms. Fat Free Kitchen, 2005. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. <http://www.fatfreekitchen.com/nutrition/calcium.html>. Food Composition Table. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. Print. Wardlaw, Gordon M., and Anne M. Smith. Contemporary Nutrition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Drezner, Marc, and Kimberly Hoben. "Vitamin D and Calcium Absorption." Sunset Tan. Sunsettan, 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 07 Mar. 2012. <http://www.sunsettan.ca/vitamin-d-and-calcium-absorption/>.

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